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Psych 381 > Ch 1 > Flashcards

Ch 1 Flashcards

1
Q

who said that the brain was not involved in producing behavior?

A

Aristotle

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2
Q

what did Aristotle say the brain was involved in?

A

cool the blood

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3
Q

what is the psyche?

A

mind, consciousness
- immaterial entity that is the source of human behavior

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4
Q

what is mentalism?

A

explains behavior as the product of an immaterial mind

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5
Q

what is the mind-body problem?

A

dualism vs monism
brain > body -> not all reflexes go to the brain before action is taken

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6
Q

who created dualism?

A

Descartes

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7
Q

what is dualism?

A

mind and body are separate
- contributes to behavior in humans
- animals lack a mind
- body is tangible while mind is not
- humans have a mind so they can move with intention

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8
Q

what connects the mind to the body?

A

pineal gland found in the center midline

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9
Q

what is the purpose of the pineal gland?

A

controls the flow of fluid through ventricles to fill the muscles of the body and create movement -> hydraulic pressure (doesn’t explain how actions occur
- it is important as it is not a duplicated structure

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10
Q

what is the true purpose of the pineal gland?

A

regulates the sleep wake cycle
- muscles and nerves are not holllow tubes as initially said

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11
Q

what is Cartesian Dualism?

A

voluntary (mind) and involuntary (reflexes) behavior

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12
Q

what’s the involuntary pathway for Cartesian Dualism?

A

external stimuli -> sense organs -> brain -> pineal gland -> mind -> interpretation (humans only for actions/involuntary behaviors)

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13
Q

what is the voluntary pathways?

A

mind to pineal gland to brain to muscles

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14
Q

what are the critical evaluations of Descartes and which one is T?

A
  • Humans and non-human animals show automatic response to environmental stimuli (T)
  • The process of behaving involves one set of nerves (one pathway)
  • Nerves are hollow tubes filled with fluid (animal spirits) that create movement
  • Reflexes are innate and fixed
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15
Q

what is the actual pathway for an action to occur?

A

stimulus - receptor - sensory neuron - interneuron (spinal cord in CNS) - motor neuron - effector - response

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16
Q

what is the pathway that occurs for quick reflexives?

A

sensory neuron - interneuron (reflex arc) - motor neuron

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17
Q

what is nativism?

A

philosophy that we are born with innate ideas
- automatic things that happen bc we are human
- act a certain way bc we are born that way

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18
Q

what is empiricism?

A

all ideas in the mind come from experience
- rxn to nativism
- key to this class bc we learn from the consequences of our actions

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19
Q

why does dualism create issues to study behavior?

A

need to see the patterns that cause behavior and create connection between mental processes and the brain so we need monism

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20
Q

what is monism?

A

mind and body consist of same substance
- actions and thought in brain create mind

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21
Q

what is materialistic monism?

A

mind and body are physical

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22
Q

Locke

A
  • all ideas acquired through experience
  • tabula rasa - clean slate
  • opp to nativism
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23
Q

Hobbes

A

voluntary behavior is predictable and lawful (similar to reflex)
- agreed with Descartes
- set of rules so it is like a reflex
-> Hedonism

24
Q

what is hedonism?

A

pursuit of pleasure and avoidance of pain
- get us what we want and avoid unpleasant things by acting a certain way

25
Q

association

A

linking concepts and thoughts
- simple association combine into complex ideas
- sound + word = dog
- word + sound + concept -> simple made complex

26
Q

what are the primary laws of association?

A
  • contiguity
  • similarity
  • contrast
    -> similar to Gestalt principles
27
Q

what is contiguity?

A

when things occur close to each other in time and space
-> maple leaves on the ground and bare trees are around it so safe to assume the trees are maple trees

28
Q

temporal contiguity

A

close in time
- loud bang + red light = jump scare so now every time you see a red light you jump

29
Q

similarity

A

two things share some feature
- husky + other fluffy dog - similar features so grouped together as Dog
- less similar may get added into group bc its context based

30
Q

contrast

A

things that are opposite in some feature
- no modern evidence
- loud vs quiet -> categorized as separate usually

31
Q

who created the secondary laws of association?

A

Brown

32
Q

what are the secondary laws of association?

A
  • intensity
  • frequency
  • recency
  • existing associations
33
Q

what is the problem about the rules of association?

A

philosophers did not perform experiments to validate rules

34
Q

what did Ebbinghaus do?

A

used nonsense syllables to test rules of association -> limits the confounding variable of prior associations
- SEH

35
Q

how did Ebbinghaus test rules of association?

A

memorize list then test for ability to recall under different conditions
-> diff lvls of training
-> closeness in list
forgetting curve(how fast info decays), learning curve(how quickly they learn info), spacing effect- different permutations

  • no conclusions bc biases and limited sample
36
Q

what theory of Descartes was right?

A

basic theory of reflex arc - stimulus in enviro triggers a response
- mechanisms are not right

37
Q

what did Sechenov and Pavlov do?

A

better understanding of physiological processes responsible for reflex behavior
-> uses 3 neurons that create automatic and innate response

38
Q

what is behavior reflex?

A

without conscious intervention- classical conditioning (US-UR) reflexively

39
Q

what did Sechenov do?

A
  • input does not equal output
    ->response strength is independent of stimulus strength
  • explained voluntary thoughts and behavior as elicited by inconspicuous or faint stimuli
    -> extended use of reflex mechanisms to explain variety of behaviors
  • failed to address how experience can alter behavior
40
Q

what did Pavlov do?

A
  • S-R unit
  • new reflexes learned through association -> classically conditioned
  • Field of Functional Neurology -> Nervism: all behavioral and physiological processes regulated by nervous sys
  • studied digestion and reflexes in dogs
41
Q

how does classical conditioning work in auditory illusions?

A
  • tone played with visual stimulus
  • flash light on screen with tone then light flashed and hear a tone even if not played
42
Q

how does a behaviorist define behavior?

A

overt actions - measurable and observable

43
Q

how does a cognitive psychologist define behavior?

A

overt and covert actions
- thoughts and feelings

44
Q

what POV do we lean on to see what behavior is?

A

behaviorist behavior - quantifies

45
Q

what is learning?

A
  • acquire new info that causes a behavior to change
  • make a response
  • not making a response (withholding)
  • Wisconsin card sorting task - action + no response to an action
46
Q

Domjan saying

A

enduring change in mechanisms of behavior involving specific stimuli and/or responses that results from prior experience with those or similar stimuli and responses -> generalization

47
Q

Chance saying

A

change in behavior due to changes in enviro -> experiences

48
Q

what isn’t learning?

A
  • changes in bodily state -> hunger
  • changes in enviro -> habituation vs sensitization
  • fatigue -> slower, less strong, delayed - less interest in food which was problematic with pigeons
  • maturation -> taller and stronger
    -> performance vs learning - changes in behavior (performance)
49
Q

what is the adaptive significance of learning?

A
  • enviro changes can outpace evolution
  • organisms that learn can outlive those that do not
  • learning is pressured on us to create changes and outcompete others
  • increases reproductive fitness -> indirect: live longer> more offspring
    direct: more eggs fertilized > more offspring
50
Q

how to study learning?

A
  • experimentation -> allows for control of stimuli
    compare behavior between group (limit: sacrifice of realism)
  • before vs after
  • control vs experimental
51
Q

how to measure learning?

A
  • observe
  • compare changes or differences between group
  • changes in response rate
  • causality- manipulate things otherwise we cannot say there is causality- only correlation
52
Q

comparative approach

A

compare between different groups or species
- pigeons vs humans -> gambling behavior

53
Q

general processes approach

A
  • search for commonalities -> formulate general rules that exist across all animals
    -> common ancestor (human vs primates)
    -> convergent evolution (birds vs humans)
  • “universal” element laws of association exist for learning processes but - animals may learn about diverse stimuli, learn to perform diverse responses(theory of mind, mirror task, rouge test), learn at diff speeds
54
Q

what are the functions of non-human animal models?

A
  • as a model of human behavior -> medical rxn, drug reliance (pig organs parallel humans)
  • model of general bio processes -> associative learning
  • model of conversation -> releasing captive bred endangered species (help endangered species)
55
Q

why do we use animals?

A
  • controlled lab setting
  • no language
  • not trying to please experimenter
56
Q

what are the regulations for research?

A

institutional
federal
individual journal

57
Q

what are the 3 R’s?

A
  • replace -> use computers instead of animals
  • reduce -> use fewer animals
  • refine-> change experiment to cause less harm

Psych 381 (2 decks)

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