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PNC 102 lecture > chapter 4 human reproduction/fetal dev ppt > Flashcards

chapter 4 human reproduction/fetal dev ppt Flashcards

1
Q

external organs

A

mons pubis
labia majora
labia minora
clitoris
vestibule of the vagina
bartholin glands
perineum

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2
Q

mons pubis

A

pad of fat that lies over the symphysis pubis

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3
Q

labia majora

A

two folds of tissue that ext4end from the mons pubis to the sides of the vulva

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4
Q

labia minora

A

two smaller folds of tissue forming the prepuce, which surrounds the clitoris

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5
Q

clitoris

A

small sensitive organ with erectile tissue

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6
Q

vestibule of the vagina

A

the area where the urethra and vagina open

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7
Q

bartholin glands

A

secrete lubricating fluids

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8
Q

perineum

A

the skin from vaginal opening to the anus

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9
Q

internal organs

A

ovaries
fallopian tubes
uterus
vagina

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10
Q

ovaries

A

two small glands about the size and shape of almonds that are on either side of the uterus slightly behind and below the fallopian tubes
- store approximately one half million eggs and secrete estrogen and progesterone

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11
Q

fallopian tubes

A

provide a channel for the sperm to travel to the egg and to transport the fertilized egg into the uterus

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12
Q

uterus

A

a muscular triangle shaped organ that provides the environment for fetal growth

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13
Q

top portion of uterus

A

fundus

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14
Q

bottom portion of uterus

A

cervix
- provides a protective entrance to the uterus
- very elastic and has the ability to stretch to allow for childbirth

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15
Q

2 coats of uterus

A

muscular coat
inner mucous membrane (rugae)

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16
Q

3 layers of uterus

A

endometrium
myometrium
epimetrium

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17
Q

endometrium

A

a mucous membrane that lines the cavity of the uterus and is the site where the embryo implants after arriving in the uterus

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18
Q

myometrium

A

the middle layer of smooth muscle that contracts and expel the feteus and placenta during childbirth

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19
Q

epimetrium

A

a smooth, transparent membrane that lines most of the external surface

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20
Q

ligaments

A

provide support and stabilize the reproductive organs
- includes the broad ligaments, the round ligaments, the cardinal ligaments and the uterosacral ligaments

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21
Q

vagina

A
  • a 4 to 6 in elastic muscular tube that extends from the cervix to the external vaginal opening
  • tissue is composed of smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue, and lined with stratified squamous epithelium
  • two main functions are for sexual intercourse and childbirth
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22
Q

female pelvis

A
  • former posteriorly by the sacrum and coccyx
  • sides and front formed by the hip bones (ilium, ischium, pubis)
  • shorter, wider, and more circular than the male pelvis, making it ideal for childbearing
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23
Q

breasts

A
  • two glands that secrete milk
  • begin to develop during puberty and further develop during pregnancy due to pituitary and ovarian hormones
  • nipple becomes darker in pregnancy
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24
Q

colostrum

A

a fluid rich with antibodies; first form of milk that extremely benefits the newborn
- milk production typically begins 2-3 days after childbirth

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25
Q

female reproductive cycle

A
  • begins on the first day of menstrual bleeding and ends on the first day of the next menstrual bleeding
  • hormones involved include the follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estrogen, and progesterone
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26
Q

follicular phase

A
  • anterior lobe of pituitary secretes follicle stimulating hormone which stimulates the development of a follicle in the ovary- maturing egg follicle secretes estrogen, which thickens the endometrium to prepare for the implanting of the fertilized egg
  • elevated estrogen levels cause FSH to stop and luteinizing hormone is released by the pituitary gland
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27
Q

luteal phase

A
  • begins on the day the egg is released
  • LH peaks on approx day 14 of the cycle, causing ovulation or the release of the egg from the follicle
  • LH converts the ruptured follicle into the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone
  • progesterone completes the development of the uterine lining in preparation for a fertilized egg
  • if egg is not fertilized, the corpus luteum degenerates dropping levels of progesterone and estrogen
  • uterine lining sheds and menstrual cycle begins again
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28
Q

male reproductive system: external organs

A

scrotum
penis

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29
Q

scrotum

A

made of two sacs that hold the testicles, the epididymis, and the beginning of a spermatic cord

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30
Q

penis

A

made f cavernous tissue that allows erection, and expels semen upon sexual climax

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31
Q

male reproductive system: internal organs

A

testicles
testes
seminiferous tubules
epididymis
vas deferens
prostate gland
seminal vesicles
ejaculatory ducts
urethra

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32
Q

testicles

A

the reproductive glands of the male

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33
Q

testes

A

have cells that produce testoerone, which promotes the development of male reproductive organs and the secondary male characteristics

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34
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

the site of germination and maturation of cells into spermatozoa

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35
Q

epididymis

A

facilitates sperm motility

36
Q

vas deferens

A

ducts that transport mature sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory ducts

37
Q

prostate gland

A

provides additional fluid to the sperm

38
Q

seminal vesicles

A

two pouch like sacs that create sugar rich fluid to provide energy to the sperm

39
Q

ejaculatory ducts

A

formed by the fusion of vas deferens and the seminal vesicles, and empty into the urethra

40
Q

urethra

A

carries urine and semen out of the body

41
Q

male reproductive cycle

A

fsh
lh
testosterone

42
Q

fsh

A

stimulates sperm production in the testes

43
Q

lh

A

stimulates testerone production

44
Q

testosterone

A

allows development of spermatozoa to mature sperm cells during a 72 day process

45
Q

both FSH and LH are released from

A

the anterior pituitary gland

46
Q

fertilization

A
  • occurs when the sperm and the egg (gametes) meet in the same place at the same time after intercourse
  • occurs in the outer third portion of the fallopian tube
  • only one sperm will penetrate the egg’s outer layer and fertilize the ovum
47
Q

each gamete typically has…

A

one set of 23 single chromosomes; when fused, a total of 46 chromosomes produce the zygote

48
Q

embryo sex is determined at…

A

fertilization by the male gamete; xx chromosome for genetically female, xy chromosome for genetically male

49
Q

upon fertilization, the zygote…

A

divides during mitosis and travels down the fallopian tube to implant in the uterine lining
- estrogen and progesterone levels remain high
- human chorionic gonadotropin is produced to support the development of the embryo
- elevated levels of hCG can be detected by a blood test 1 days after conception and in urine tests 12-14 days after conception

50
Q

embryo

A

the stage of development between the fertilized ovum and the fetus

51
Q

blastocyst

A

a maturing embryo in which some cell differentiation has occurred
- in blastocyst stage, embryo implants 7-10 days after fertilization into the uterine endometrium

52
Q

placenta

A

an organ that develops at the site of implantation to sustain the fetus during intrauterine life or the gestation period

53
Q

the embryo changes through the processes of…

A

morphogenesis and cell differentiation

54
Q

fetal circulation

A
  • in the uterus, the mother’s body provides oxygenation, filtration, and nutrition to the fetus
  • oxygenated blood from the mother enters the fetus’s blood through the umbilical vein
  • the ductus venosus allows oxygenated blood to bypass the liver and combined with deoxygenated blood i the inferior vena cava
  • blood rejoins deoxygenated blood from the superior vena cava and goes to the right atrium
  • the foramen ovale (a small hole between the atria) allows blood to move to and from the right atrium to the left atrium
  • small amount of blood moves from right atrium to right ventricle into pulmonary system
  • most blood bypasses pulmonary arteries and moves directly into aorta through ductus arteriosus and out to the rest of the body
  • deoxygenated blood returns to placenta through umbilical arteries
55
Q

first trimester (week 1-12)

A
  • a critical time of rapid changes to the fertilized cell; development of major organs and structures
  • 3 germ layers are created within 2 weeks after fertilization as foundation for the body tissues and organs
  • ectoderm: outer layer; nervous system, skin epidermis, glands, tooth enamel, and lens and cornea of the eye
  • 3 germ layers are created within 2 weeks after fertilization as foundation for the body tisues and organs
56
Q

mesoderm

A

middle layer; connective tissue, musculoskeletal, circulatory system, and the dermis of the skin

57
Q

endoderm

A

inner layer; digestive tract, accessory organs, respiratory tract, kidney nephrons, bladder, and endocrine glands

58
Q

second trimester (weeks 13-28)

A
  • organs and structures develop
  • the woman becomes more aware of growing fetus
59
Q

third trimester (weeks 29-40)

A
  • the fetus gains weight, matures, and prepares for life outside the uterus
60
Q

reducing the risk of birth defects include

A
  • avoiding all medications unless directed by the provider
  • avoiding alcohol
  • avoiding tobacco
  • avoiding street drugs
  • having a healthy diet
  • avoiding harmful substances and cat feces
61
Q

placenta

A
  • provides oxygen and nourishment
  • fetal cells (trophoblasts) attach to the uterus wall and grow into uterine tissue
  • connect indirectly with mother’s blood vessels
  • fetal blood vessels form in the placental villi and the vessels connect back to the fetus through the umbilical cord, which attaches the fetus to the placenta
  • measures 15-20cm and weighs about lb
  • also functions as an endocrine organ by producing progesterone, estrogen, hcg, human placental lactogen, relaxin
62
Q

villi form

A

these are finger like projections that are responsible for gas, nutrient, and antibody exchange as well as waste removal

63
Q

progesterone

A

supports the endometrium; calms and quiets the uterine muscle

64
Q

estrogen

A

stimulates breast development for breastfeeding and the growth of the myometrium; improves blood flow between placenta and fetus

65
Q

hCG

A

stimulates the corpus luteum for estrogen and progesterone production; used to determine pregnancy

66
Q

human placental lactogen

A

assists with milk preparation and increases the mother’s metabolism during pregnancy

67
Q

relaxin

A

maintains pregnancy together with progesterone; causes relaxation of pelvic ligaments

68
Q

umbilical cord

A
  • joins the fetus to the placenta
  • composed of 2 arteries and one vein
  • vessels are surrounded by wharton’s jelly, a gelatinous substance that provides support and protection inside the cord
  • the site where the umbilical cord was attached to the fetus is known as the umbilicus, navel/bellybutton
69
Q

chorion

A

a thick membrane that develops from trophoblast and becomes part of the placenta villi to support the growing embryo

70
Q

amniotic membrane

A

a thin membrane from the ectoderm that contains amniotic fluid and the growing fetus

71
Q

amniotic fluid

A

functions as cushion to the fetus, allows fetal movement, and can be used for fetal health and maturity analysis; average volume is 700-800mL. Variations can indicate potential health problems.

72
Q

multiple pregnancy occurs when…

A

the woman has 2 or more embryos in the uterus
- identical: embryos from the same egg
- fraternal: embryos from 2 or more eggs

73
Q

monozygotic twins

A

form when a single fertilized egg splits; separate amniotic sacs but share a placenta; always the same sex

74
Q

dizygotic twins

A

two eggs fertilized by two separate sperm; each embryo has its own amniotic sac and placenta; with similarities but will not have the exact same genetic material

75
Q

contributing factors for multiple pregnancy

A

older than age 35
African American descent
family history of twins
undergone fertility treatment
previous multiple births

76
Q

teratogen

A
  • any substance that may cause a birth defect
  • most substances can cross the placenta from the mother and the fetus and cause abnormalities
  • susceptibility depends on period of fetal development
  • fetus is very vulnerable to the effects of medications during the first trimester so it is crucial to verify the date of the woman’s last menstrual period. Any concern of pregnancy must be reported.
77
Q

medications

A
  • summary describing potential risks of drug use during pregnancy and lactation
  • information also included for women and men in need of contraceptives, pregnancy testing, and infertility related to drug use
78
Q

tobacco

A
  • important modifiable cause of poor pregnancy outcomes
  • ecigs,vaping including exposure to secondhand smoking are unsafe practices
  • causes a small baby with delayed development
  • other adverse effects include low birth weight, premature rupture of membranes, placenta previa, placenta abruption, preterm labor, ectopic pregnancy, and increased risk of cleft lip or palate
  • use the 5 A’s model to address smoking
79
Q

alcohol

A

avoid throughout pregnancy

causes fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

80
Q

caffeine

A
  • linked with miscarriage and preterm birth
  • light and moderate intake (less than 200mg per day) is acceptable
81
Q

marijuana

A
  • most widely used by pregnant women
  • affects neurological development of the newborn
82
Q

cocaine

A
  • leads to microencephaly: a small brain and head
  • fetus’s genital, kidneys, or brain may have abnormalities
  • may cause placental abruption and neurobehavioral abnormalities
83
Q

opioids

A
  • can lead to neonatal abstinence syndrome, premature birth, low birth weight, hypoglycemia, intracranial hemorrhage in uterus
84
Q

methamphetamines

A
  • associated with fetal and maternal heart rate elevation, preterm labor, and placental abruption
85
Q
A

PNC 102 lecture (38 decks)

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