Netehrlands Cdification Flashcards
How was the dutch Republican born
Out of an 80 year war
How did the 80 year war end
By peace of Westphalia 1648
Why was there no real dutch state after the dutch republic was born
Because there were many rivalries between the various lands of the Netehrlands
Who ruled the dutch republic right after it was born
King of Spain Charles V
-held the title lord and duke in various lands
-northern counties recognised Charles V as their sovereign lord
What were the THE BURGUNDIAN KREITS
-Charles V issued an imperial decree re question that all his possessions in the Low Countries to be joined together under the name Burgundian Kreits and form a special administrative unit within the formal confederation of the Holy Roman Empire but at the same time enjoying de facto independence from it: that day saw the birth of the Low Countries (comprising what is now Belgium and the Netherlands).
Where did the term ‘Low countries’ come from
Of Burgundian origin, The sovereign lords of Burgundy had long been accustomed to designate their ‘Netherlandish’ possessions as ‘our lands over yonder’.
-these countries came to be called ‘Les Pays- Bas’ and Belgium.
What was the Homologation ordinance
-Charles V’s aim was to make the Low Countries independent from the Holy Roman Empire.
-strive for a degree of centralization.
-One of the areas in which the heterogenous
nature of Charles’ Empire was most striking was the law.
-1531-> Charles V issued an ordinance requiring the customary laws applying in different parts of his domains in the Low Countries to be set down in writing and set to Brussels for approval
How did the population fo the Low Countries see the homogulation ordinance, what caused the revolution?
-saw it as a threat to their own identity by the increasingly oppressive centralist in policy pursued by the governments in Brussels -> revolt
-When Charles V abdicated in favour of his son, Philip II, the latter introduced
taxes in all countries of the Netherlands, which contributed significantly to the outbreak of the insurrection.
-Philip also had tensed relationships with the religious spreading in
the countries – he wanted to maintain the catholic dominance
Where did Philip II derive his sovereignty
in the Low Countries from the fact that he united within his person the tiles of Duke of Guelders, Count of Holland and Zeeland and Lord of Utrecht and Overijssel, Friesland and Groningen.
What was the only thing hat countries in the Low Countries had in common
Therefore, those countries no longer had anything in common with each other apart from the fact that they were bound by a personal union (various titles within the same person)
Why as Philip II not given the title of roman emperor
Philip II derived his sovereignty in the Low Countries from the fact that he united within his person the tiles of Duke of Guelders, Count of Holland and Zeeland and Lord of Utrecht and Overijssel, Friesland and Groningen. Therefore, those countries no longer had anything in common with each other apart from the fact that they were bound by a personal union (various titles within the same person) – therefore, he didn’t gain the title of new Roman Emperor.
What was the union of Utrecht 1579
- a treaty concluded in 1579 between seven of the northern netehrlands (Groningen, Friesland, Drenthe)
-It was the founding constitution of the Republic.
-The Union, however, was first and foremost a military alliance born of practical necessity
What was the republic of the seven united netehrlands, after the conclusion of teh union of Utrecht 1579 classify as
The Republic of the Seven United Netherlands was a confederation, a joining together of independent states which were autonomous within their own borders.
Who were stadholder
-Chief magistrate of the United provinces of the Netherlands
-lords designated by Philip II within the various countries of the netherlands
-lords that would govern the local territory in the name of the King.
-two stadholders: one in the North and one for the other countries
Whow as teh most famous stadholder
William of orange
-1580 William of Orange was outlawed by Philipp II
-assassinated in 1584
When did Charles V abdicate
1555
Why as William of orange so famous
-He wrote a letter, an apology and formally announced his oath of allegiance and accused Philipp II of telling lies, that he had committed bigamy etc.
-The infamous letter led the populace to formally declare through the Act of Abjuration Philipp II no longer lord of the countries.
What was the act of Abjuration
The Act of Abjuration in Dutch legal history was a declaration in 1581 by the Dutch provinces against Spanish rule. It stated that they no longer recognized Philip II of Spain as their sovereign, emphasizing their right to rebel against unjust rule. This declaration played a crucial role in the establishment of the independent Dutch Republic
Why was it difficult to implement a constitution in the republic
the Republic consisted of seven sovereign states in its external relations it acted as a single entity
How was the republic acting in international affairs
-as a unified state
-states gave up some of their sovereign powers to the states gerneral, in order for it to handle external relations and defence
How would the republic act in international affairs
-as a unified state by giving up some of their sovereign powers to the states general which would carry out external relations and defence
What was the states general
the common
popular assembly of the countries participating in the Union of Utrecht
Was there uniformity of law within the republic?
There was no uniformity of law within the country. In fact, there even tended to
be a diversity of law on a regional level. Groningen, for instance, had five different local laws within its territory (Ommelanden, Oldambt, Selwerd, Westerwolde, City)
What kind of law connected all these countries in teh republic
-common law, namely Roman law
When was roman law used in the republic of the seven united netehrlands
-used
whenever there were no local exceptions or rules.
-Universities in the
Netherlands were seen as centres for the academic study of Roman law.
Why was roman law and not local law studied in dutch universities
because the professors were paid by the students and the latter weren’t only from a certain province, many came from other parts of the country – international studies, everywhere you went you could study Roman law – therefore, Roman law gave unity to the various countries of NL.
When was the end of the dutch republic
-1795
-when French troops crossed the river Lek and occupied the territory of Holland. The river had frozen, which facilitated the invasion.
When was the French Revolution
1789
