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Cell & Molecular Biology > Cancer pathology > Flashcards

Cancer pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is cancer?

A

a disease of aberrant cell proliferation & differentiation?

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2
Q

How high is the risk of cancer arising from functional ?

A

Low

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3
Q

What are 3 environmental influences must affect cancer?

A
  • infection
  • diet
  • noxious agents
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4
Q

What is the Peyton Roux experiment?

A

“a sarcoma is transferred to a chicken”

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5
Q

What does cancer arise from?

A

Virus encodes a hyperactive form of a human tyrosine kinase gene

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6
Q

What are the effects of a hyperactive form of a human tyrosine kinase gene?

A

increased cell adhesion, cell proliferation, cell mobility

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7
Q

What is an example of a virus that causes cancer?

A

cervical carcinoma - caused by human papillomavirus

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8
Q

What is an example of a bacteria that causes cancer?

A

Gastric carcinoma - caused by helicobacter pylorii

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9
Q

What is an example of a cancer caused by diet?

A

Aspergillus oryzae - koji mold - rice, peanuts - can cause hepatocellular carcinoma

(caused by aflatoxin) - in order to get rid of this toxin, the liver causes a structural change, that modifies DNA bases, results in a mutation

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10
Q

What is an example of a noxious substance that causes cancer?

A

asbestos - causes mesothelioma

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11
Q

What other factor can cause cancer other than environmental factors?

A

Genetic predisposition

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12
Q

What is an example of a cancer caused by a genetic pre-disposition?

A

Breast cancer syndrome

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13
Q

What is an example of a cancer caused by genetic predisposition?

A

chronic myeloid leukemia

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14
Q

What is the chromosomal error that causes chronic myeloid leukemia?

A

there is a chromosomal translocation between chromosome 9 & chromosome 2

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15
Q

What technique is used to establish what chromosomal changes cause certain cancers?

A

FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridisation)

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16
Q

Why does chromosomal translocation have such a devastating effect on the proliferation of white blood cells?

A

Causes the fusion of 2 genes, one which is a positive regulator of cell growth

17
Q

What is a kinase?

A

An enzyme that phosphorylates proteins. It changes the function of the protein. This can either turn a protein on or off.

18
Q

What are oncogenes?

A

A gene with the potential to cause cancer, by transforming cellular behaviour

19
Q

How do oncogenes come about?

A

Arises from genes involved in regulated proliferation - PROTO-oncogenes

20
Q

What are the 2 structural shapes that Ras exists in?

A

Ras + GTP
Ras + GDP

21
Q

When the ras is bound to GTP, is the protein switched on or off?

A

Switched on

22
Q

When the ras is bound to GDP, is the protein switched on or off?

A

Switched off

23
Q

How fast is the rate of conversion between ras + GTP/GDP without GTPase?

A

Rate of conversion is slow without GTPase.

24
Q

What is the conversion from Ras + GTP to Ras + GDP called?

A

exchange

25
Q

What do growth factors bind to, in order to start cells proliferate?

A

receptors - e.g. tyrosine kinase receptors

26
Q

What are the different pathways which encourage cell growth from ras?

A
  • cell growth
  • gene expression
  • gene morphology & movement
27
Q

Describe the state of mutant ras in tumors?

A

In mutant ras, the off ras state doesn’t exist. This is because ras loses its GDP.

28
Q

What is the argument for the existence of tumour suppressor genes?

A

loss of growth suppressor gene more likely than gain-of-function oncogenes mutations.

29
Q

What is the argument against the existence of tumour suppressor genes?

A

loss of both alleles of putative growth suppressor genes unlikely

30
Q

What theory did Knudsen propose?

A

one/two-hit hypothesis

31
Q

Why is Knudsen’s one/two-hit hypothesis important?

A

provides evidence:
- for tumour suppressor gene hypothesis
- that cancer requires wild-type alleles
- for the basis of inherited predisposition to cancer

32
Q

A Chromosome 13 deletion can create what cancer?

A

retinoblastoma

33
Q

Describe the properties of oncogenes

A
  • activating
  • gain of function
  • dominant
  • one allele mutated required to exert effect
  • enhanced effect on the function of the protein product
34
Q

Describe the properties of tumour suppressor genes

A
  • inactivating
  • loss of function
  • recessive
  • two allele mutated required to exert effect
  • reduced effect on the function of the protein product
35
Q

How genetically stable are cancer cells?

A

cancer cells are genetically unstable

36
Q

What are the 3 causes of genetic instability?

A

Defects in:
- DNA repair pathways
- Correction mechanisms for DNA replication errors
- Correction mechanisms for DNA segregation errors

37
Q

What is an example of a cellular stress that can induce apoptosis in normal cells?

A

DNA damage

38
Q
A

Cell & Molecular Biology (20 decks)

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