Special Q3-8

Question 1

Name types of joints:

Answer 1

1) Simple - 2 bones (shoulder, hip)
2) Complex - 3 or more (knee, radiocarpal)
3) Synovial - covered by articular cartilage (gliding, hinge, pivot, condyloid, shoulder, hip joint)
4) Fibrous joint - skull (immovable)
5) Cartilaginous joint - ribs (genu costa), pubis symphysis

Question 2

Name types of changes of joints:

Answer 2

1) Soft tissue changes
2) Non-align joint
3) Joint space changes
4) Luxation
5) Arthritis
6) Synovial osteochondromas
7) Periosteal reactions
8) Osteolytic disease
9) Proliferative joint diseases

Question 3

Types of soft tissue changes in joints:

Answer 3

swelling, ruptured ligament, damage to cartilage, gas around the joint

Question 4

Causes of non-align joint:

Answer 4

trauma, developmental limb deformity, degenerative diseases

Question 5

Types of joint space changes:

Answer 5

Increased, decreased, irregular

Question 6

Arthritis is an inflammation of:

Answer 6

The synovial membrane

Question 7

Osteolytic disease is:

Answer 7

incomplete ossification in young and abnormal ossification in adult animals

Question 8

Proliferative joint diseases are associated with:

Answer 8

Osteoarthritis

Question 9

What are osteophytes?

Answer 9

New bony formations in the joint spaces caused by trauma or pathology.

Question 10

What are enteziophytes?

Answer 10

New bony formation at the attachment of a ligament or tendon.

Question 11

Characterize arthrosis:

Answer 11

Chronic, degenerative joint disease.
- Degeneration of articular cartilage with change in the bony, articular surfaces
- Development of marginal osteophytes
- Deformation of the joint and development of moderate synovitis

Question 12

What can be causes and radiological signs of arthrosis?

Answer 12

• Secondary to hip dysplasia, patellar luxation and osteochondritis.
• Trauma, joint instability or conformational defects

Signs: synovial effusion, perichondral osteophyte formation, enteziophyte formation, subluxation

Question 13

Characterize Legg-Calves Perthes disease and cause:

Answer 13

Avascular/aseptic necrosis of the femoral head and neck.
Caused by restricted blood supply –> necrosis –> patchy osteolysis and collapse.
Genetic, uncommon in toy breeds.

Question 14

Radiographic signs of Legg-Calves Perthes disease:

Answer 14

View: frog-legged (flexed VD)
* Decreased bone opacity, loss of rounded contour of femoral head, becomes cranially flattened
* Wider joint hip space, shallow acetabulum - subluxation

Question 15

Characterize the knee joint (Stifle joint):
Bones, joints, view and symptoms.

Answer 15

Art. genu
3 bones: femur, patella, tibia
- Femuropatellar joint
- Medial femorotibial joint
- Lateral femorotibial joint
Standard view: mediolateral, lateral oblique, craniocaudal
Assess for: swelling, mineralization in soft tissue, size/shape of intrapatellar fatpad

Question 16

Luxation of the patella is diagnosed by:

Answer 16

Palpation and radiograph

Question 17

Characterize medial patellar luxation (include causes):

Answer 17

Common in small breeds.
4 grades of severity.
Causes:
- Malformation of the femoral trochlea
- Poor alignment distal femur and proximal tibia
- Malalignment of the quadriceps muscle

Question 18

Radiological signs of medial patellar luxation:

Answer 18

Mediolateral view:
- patella is absent from trochlear groove, superimposed on femoral condyles
- medial displacement of patella
- hypoplasia of medial femoral condyle
- shallow trochlea

Question 19

Characterize lateral patellar luxation:

Answer 19

Primarily in large and giant dog breeds.
Usually associated with genu-valgum deformity, result in ‘‘knock-knees’’ formation of tibia and femur.
- Selective arrest of normal skeletal development
- Bowing of knees –> forcing knees together
- Associated with rapid growth of distal femoral epiphyseal plate and the proximal tibial epiphyseal plate exceed metabolic or nutritional supply

Question 20

Characterize infrapatellar syndrome in knee joint:

Answer 20

Increased synovial mass in knee joint –> decreased fat pad

Caused by combination of inflammatory response, oedema and compression.
- Post-traumatic knee morbidity
— Primarily: associated with healing, pathological fibrous hyperplasia anterior in the knee
— Secondary: prolonged immobility/lack of extension associated with knee surgery

Question 21

Characterize hip dysplacia:

Answer 21

Inherited, non-congenital developmental disease.
Results in laxity of the hip joint and secondary osteoarthritis.
Environmental and genetical factors.

Question 22

Radiological findings in hip dysplacia:

Answer 22

a) Laxity: subluxation, femoral head laterally, reduced Norberg angle (less than 105*)
Normally centre of the femoral head lies medial to the dorsal acetabular rim, with over 50% coverage of the femoral head.

b) Secondary osteoarthritis: Morgan’s line = first sign of osteoarthritis (curvilinear osteophyte on the femoral head).
- Osteophyte formation around femoral head and neck (mushroom shape)
- Chronic: remodelling of femoral head and acetabulum

Question 23

Radiological views and screening methods in the evaluation of hip dysplacia:

Answer 23

Position 1 = lateral
Position 2 = VD extended - coxofemoral joint
- hind leg fully extended
- minimum 2 lumbar vertebrae
- hip joint
- knee joint
- knee joints rotated inwards so patella is located over the cranial surface
- pelvis must be symmetrical, without pelvic rotation
- similar size and shape of foramina obturatoria
- femur parallel to spine
Sedation/anaesthesia, left and right markers, animal min 12 months old, large dogs over 18 months old

Question 24

Flückliger classification of hip dysplacia:

Answer 24

Swizz system:
- grading and scoring system
- more objective evaluation
6 parameters:
1. Norberg angle
2. Acetabular coverage of femoral head
3. Cranial acetabular border
4. Subchondral sclerosis of cranial border
5. Femoral head and neck
6. Morgan line

Question 25

Characterize elbow joint:

Answer 25

3 bones: humerus, radius and ulna
Medial coronoid process
Even and smooth spaces between the bones (good cartilage)

Question 26

Name primary lesions of the elbow joint:

Answer 26

1. Fragmented medial coronoid process disease - fragmentation of coronoid process, altered shape of medial coronoid process
2. Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) - femoral condyle
   - restricted blood flow –> necrosis
   - Craniocaudal view
3. Ununited anconeal process
   - normal closing of anconeal process is 3-5 months of age
   - Lateral view - radiolucent between anconeal process and olecranon
4. Incongruency of elbow joint
   - shallow ulnar trochlear notch, long radius or ulna
   - increased pressure on anconeal or medial process

Question 27

International elbow working group (IEWG) - grading:

Answer 27

0 = normal elbows
1 = mild ED with osteophytes smaller than 2 mm, sclerosis present
2 = moderate osteoarthritis with osteophytes between 2-5 mm
3 = severe osteoarthritis with osteophytes bigger than 5 mm or UAP

Question 28

Name classification criteria for the international elbow working group:

Answer 28

Evaluation of the grade of arthrosis
Measurement of osteophytes thickness
Evaluation of subtrochlear bone sclerosis
Evaluation of joint incongruency
Recognition of primary disease (FCP, UAP, OCD)

Question 29

Teeth of dog and cat:

Answer 29

Dog: 28 milk, 42 permanent 2x(I 3/3, C 1/1, P4/4, M 2/3).
Cat: 26 milk, 30 permanent 2x (I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3/2, M 1/1)
Enamel, dentine, cementum, pulp.
Pulp is radiolucent, wide in young.

Question 30

Name projections/techniques for teeth:

Answer 30

1) Extraoral technique
2) Intraoral technique
3) Parallel technique
4) Bisecting technique
5) SLOB - same lingual, opposite buccal
6) Oblique for upper dental arcade
7) Oblique for lower dental arcade

Question 31

Pathologies of oral cavity:

Answer 31

Abscess/cyst - radiolucent
Enamel hypoplasia - radiolucent line
Feline Odontoclastic Resorptive lesion - high osteoclastic activity
Fracture - radiolucent line
Gingivitis
Luxation - loose tooth
Polyodontia - too many teeth
Pulpitis - inflammation of dental pulp
Resorption of alveolar bone
Root resorption
Teeth stone - calcium salt deposition
Tooth death - large pulp cavity
Tumour of periodontal ligament (osteosarcoma)