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Aqa Gcse Geography > Paper 2 - Section A, Urban Issues And Challenges > Flashcards

Paper 2 - Section A, Urban Issues And Challenges Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main causes of urbanisation

A
  1. Natural increase (births minus deaths)
  2. Migration (the movement of people from one area to another)
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2
Q

What is urbanisation

A

The increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities

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3
Q

How large does a city have to be before it is classed as a mega city

A

10 million people

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4
Q

What are some examples of push factors from rural to urban areas

A
  • lack of employment
  • limited schooling
  • lack of investment
  • lack of government support
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5
Q

What are some pull factors from rural to urban areas

A
  • employment opportunities, higher wages
  • access to public utilities (sewage, piped water and electricity)
  • government support
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6
Q

What are push factors leading to counter urbanisation (urban to rural areas)

A
  • noise pollution
    -crime
  • traffic congestion
  • lack of garden
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7
Q

What are pull factors leading to counter urbanisation

A
  • bigger houses
  • more scenery
  • less noise pollution
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8
Q

Why is there a rise in counter urbanisation in more developed countries

A

People believe it will improve their quality of life eg more green spaces

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9
Q

How does natural increase lead to growth in urban areas

A
  • increase in birth rate, could be due to lack of contraception and education about family planning
  • lower death rate, improved medical facilities helps lower infant mortality and higher life expectancy due to better living conditions and diet
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10
Q

What is population growth

A

The difference between birth and death rate, when the birth rate is higher than death rate

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11
Q

Where is Lagos located

A

It’s situated on the coast of Nigeria and has the countries biggest city and port

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12
Q

What is the change in population from 1950 to 2020 in Lagos, Nigeria

A

Since 1950, the population has grown from 0.3 million to approximately 13.5 million in 2020

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13
Q

Why is Lagos’ population growing exponentially

A
  1. Migration - 7 million people from 1990-2004 moved to Lagos from rural/poor regions
  2. Natural increase - Lagos has a youthful population (half the population is under 25) and this results in more births than deaths per year
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14
Q

What are the rural push factors to move to Lagos

A
  • poor wages in agriculture
  • climate change causing droughts in northern Nigeria
  • mechanisation of agriculture => less jobs
  • land degraded due to over farming
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15
Q

What are urban pull factors for Lagos

A
  • job opportunities in industry (oil, car manufacturing and food processing) which is better paid than farming
  • more schools, healthcare and other services than in village
  • urban lifestyle
  • nollywood glamour
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16
Q

What is the regional importance of Lagos

A
  • city is a transport hub with an airport and port providing raw materials for local industries
  • home to 10% of Nigeria’s population
  • generates highest money earned of all states in Nigeria
  • provides hospitals, schools, employment, leisure and recreation opportunities
17
Q

What is the national importance of Lagos

A
  • Nigeria’s centre of trade and commerce
  • approx 80% of Nigeria’s industry is based in Lagos
  • generates approx 30% of Nigeria’s GDP
  • centre of Nigeria’s film industry
18
Q

What is the international importance of Lagos

A
  • the main financial centre of West Africa
  • Lagos has one of the highest standards of living in Nigeria and Africa
  • it’s Apapa port is the 5th busiest in Africa
  • city has been a venue for major sporting events (African cup of Nations football tournament)
19
Q

What social opportunities has urban growth created in Lagos

A
  • healthcare
  • education
  • employment
20
Q

How has urban growth created social opportunities of health care in Lagos

A
  • Nigeria has 1 doctor per 5000 people (1:600 is the recommended by the World Health Organisation) could imply overrun hospitals, long waiting times and decreased chance of survival
  • Healthcare isn’t always free so poor people have terrible access to healthcare but the rich people can pay for it
  • there is more chance of getting healthcare in Lagos than rural Nigeria
21
Q

How has urban growth created the social opportunity of education in Lagos

A
  • in Nigeria 10.5 million children aged 5-14 are not in school even though primary education is free and compulsory (some may not have access to schools or there aren’t enough)
  • there are more schools and universities in Lagos than other areas
  • educated people are more likely to find work in Lagos’ growing industries like finance and film
22
Q

How has urban growth created social opportunities for employment in Lagos

A
  • more jobs are available in Lagos than anywhere else in Nigeria
  • even if people can’t find work in the formal economy, they can find work in the informal economy (eg a street vendor or recycling waste and paying no tax)
23
Q

What is the formal economy

A

The type of employment where people work to receive a regular wage, pay tax and have certain rights (eg sick pay and paid holidays)

24
Q

What is the informal economy

A

Employment outside the official knowledge of the government, paid cash in hand, unreliable and no rights

25
Q

What are the consequences of urbanisation in Lagos

A
  • gap between rich and poor is widening
  • over 60% of Lagos’ population live in squatter settlements or slums like Makoko
  • most people living in the slums work in the informal economy and live on less than $1.25 a day
26
Q

Why is Lagos a great location for industry

A
  • coastal location is good for fishing and has a port for imports + exports
  • has a major international airport - arrival point of 80% of flights to West Africa
  • good transport connections, roads and railway links connect Lagos to other cities
  • central business district, central part of city where most shops and businesses are located
27
Q

What are the positives of the the Olusosun rubbish dump in Lagos

A
  • there are shops, restaurants, bars, cinemas and a mosque at the dump
  • without the dump a lot of reusable items would go to waste, people in Lagos can save money by buying recycled goods
28
Q

What are some of the negatives of the Olusosun rubbish dump in Lagos

A
  • natural gases build under the decomposing waste, often leads to fires which are hard to extinguish
  • workers build their homes out of discarded materials
  • Olusosun is a huge landfill site near the heart of Lagos, the city has grown around the site
29
Q

What environmental issues does urban growth in Lagos cause

A
  • huge population creates 9000 tonnes of waste a day
  • waste disposal and emissions aren’t regulated leading to water and air pollution
  • traffic congestion is really bad, and there is limited public transport and poor links to city centre => worsens air quality
30
Q

What are the social benefits of the Makoko floating schools

A
  • up to 100 students will be educated for free
  • school was built by unskilled local workers, and the skills they learnt can help them improve their homes
  • school also used for local community meetings and activities
31
Q

What are the economic benefits of the Makoko floating schools

A
  • education improves local children’s job prospects
  • school provides jobs for teachers
  • schools success encouraged the government to to launch a regeneration scheme for Makoko
32
Q

What are the environmental benefits of the Makoko floating school

A
  • built using locally supplied materials, construction didn’t harm local environment and repairs would be easy
  • schools buoyancy allows to adjust to different and protect children from floods
  • school runs on solar power
  • school collects rainwater to meet its water needs
33
Q

What are the problems of living in a squatter settlement

A
  • densely populated due to shortage of available lands, in Makoko homes extend into the water and built on stilts
  • homes made of flimsy materials (tin sheets and wooden planks)
  • lack basic facilities and sanitation
34
Q

How can we reduce traffic congestion in Lagos

A
  • integrated transport system would encourage people to use public transport and reduce dependence on cars
  • a more efficient road network, eg separate bus lanes would make journeys quicker
  • better walking and cycling facilities, would reduce congestion by encouraging more people to avoid using cars
35
Q

How can we reduce water pollution in Lagos

A
  • regulating water vendors to create new rules they have to follow, eg can’t sell dirty water which would increase water quality
  • new boreholes or wells must have a licence and illegal digging of wells and boreholes is a criminal offence, wouldn’t lower water table unsustainablity and help stop people drinking unclean water

Aqa Gcse Geography (14 decks)

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