Land Use #1 Fishing and aquatic food production Flashcards

1
Q

What are the ocean layers

A

Epipelagic
Mesopelagic
Bathypelagic
Abyssopelagic
Hadal

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2
Q

ocean layers

Epipelagic

A
  • Surface - 200 m
  • Most sunlight = most productive
  • sunlight zone andwde range of temps
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3
Q

ocean layers

Mesopelagic

A

200-1000 meters
transition layer where its warm water to cold water

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3
Q

ocean layers

Bathypelagic

A

1,000 - 4,000 m
no sunlight high adapable speices live here

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4
Q

ocean layers

Abyssopelagic

A
  • the Abyess
  • pitch black (nearly freezing temps) with very few creatures living here
  • 4000- 6000 meters
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5
Q

Ocean layers

Hadal

A
  • 6,000+ m (deepest)
  • highest pressure and freezing temp
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6
Q

Continental shelf

What is the Continental shelf

A
  • Extension of continents under the seas and oceans
  • Creates shallow waters
  • holds 50% of waters nutrients
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7
Q

Continental shelf

Continental Shelf significance

A

Theres a lot more life at this level with things such as crabs and fish living there

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8
Q

Ocean life

Benthic

A

live on or in sea beds (floor or shelf)

ex crabs and star fish

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9
Q

Ocean life

Pelogic

A

live surrounded by water (not on land)

ex sharks and Tuna

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10
Q

What does UNCLOS stand for

A

United Nations Convention on the Laws of the Seas

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11
Q

What did the UNCLOS do

A

-Established legal ownership to a coastal nation extending 200 miles from shore (Exclusive Economic Zone)

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12
Q

Types of fishing

Purse-seine

A

encloses fish in a large bowl shaped net

captures surface level stuff (tuna and herring)

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13
Q

Types of fishing

Long-lining

A

Putting out lines up to 60 miles long w/ thousands of bated hooks

captures sharks and cod and tuna mostly

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14
Q

Types of fishing

Drift (gill) Net

A

Wall-like nets that hang up to 50 feet deep & rip the gills off fish as they swim through

Good for economy bad for ocean life

Trap & kill large quantities of unwanted fish, marine mammals, seabirds, & sea

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15
Q

Types of fishing

Trap Fishing

A

Smaller traps are lowered attached by rope to the boat or buoys

Captures Crabs and Losters

16
Q

Types of fishing

Bottom Trawling

A

Huge weighted nets drag across the ocean floor

17
Q

Types of fishing

Cons about Bottom Trawling

A

Catch lots of unintended species
Stir up sediments (increase turbidity)
Can destroy structures like coral reefs
Decrease biodiversity by killing non-target species

18
Q

Types of fishing

Pros about Aquaculture

A
  • takes up very little ocean space
  • reduces the likelyhood of fishiers industry collaping (by 90%)
  • doesn’t take land space
  • enhance production ( more fish in less time)
19
Q

Types of fishing

Aquaculture

A

Raising fish or other aquatic species in cages/enclosures underwater

Best for ecosytem worst for economy

20
Q

Types of fishing

Aquaculture drawbacks

A
  • High concentration of waste or water pollution (e. coli & eutrophication risks)
  • High density increases disease risk, which can be transmitted to wild populations as well
  • May introduce non-native species or GMOs to local ecosystem if captive fish escape
  • Fish are fed antibiotics which can contaminate water via their waste
21
Q

Impacts of Overfishing

A

Fishery collapse: when overfishing causes 90% population decline in a fishery
* population may never recover
* Decreasing biodiversity

22
Q

Fishing Down the Food Web & Trophic Cascade

A

Depletion of smaller fish pop. limits fishery recovery and decreases food supply of marine mammals & seabirds

23
Q

Impacts of Overfishing

A

Bycatch: aquatic species caught unintentionally; often not kept due to non-target, over quota, illegal (endangered) or too small
dead/injury fish are thrown back into the ocean
Fishprint: area of ocean needed to sustain the fish consumption of an average person, nation, or world

24
Q

Sustainable fishing

A
  • Establish more Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)
  • Staying at Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)
  • Using efficient fishing methods that decrease the amount of potential bycatch
  • More minimal catch fishing methods (spearfishing, hook & line, cast nets)
  • Increasing government regulations/laws
  • Consequences for overfishing
  • Abstain or decrease fish/seafood in human diets
  • Better overall fishery management
  • Decrease in international water agreements