Land Use #1 Fishing and aquatic food production

Question 1

What are the ocean layers

Answer 1

Epipelagic
Mesopelagic
Bathypelagic
Abyssopelagic
Hadal

Question 2

ocean layers

Epipelagic

Answer 2

• Surface - 200 m
• Most sunlight = most productive
• sunlight zone andwde range of temps

Question 3

ocean layers

Mesopelagic

Answer 3

200-1000 meters
transition layer where its warm water to cold water

Question 3

ocean layers

Bathypelagic

Answer 3

1,000 - 4,000 m
no sunlight high adapable speices live here

Question 4

ocean layers

Abyssopelagic

Answer 4

• the Abyess
• pitch black (nearly freezing temps) with very few creatures living here
• 4000- 6000 meters

Question 5

Ocean layers

Hadal

Answer 5

• 6,000+ m (deepest)
• highest pressure and freezing temp

Question 6

Continental shelf

What is the Continental shelf

Answer 6

• Extension of continents under the seas and oceans
• Creates shallow waters
• holds 50% of waters nutrients

Question 7

Continental shelf

Continental Shelf significance

Answer 7

Theres a lot more life at this level with things such as crabs and fish living there

Question 8

Ocean life

Benthic

Answer 8

live on or in sea beds (floor or shelf)

ex crabs and star fish

Question 9

Ocean life

Pelogic

Answer 9

live surrounded by water (not on land)

ex sharks and Tuna

Question 10

What does UNCLOS stand for

Answer 10

United Nations Convention on the Laws of the Seas

Question 11

What did the UNCLOS do

Answer 11

-Established legal ownership to a coastal nation extending 200 miles from shore (Exclusive Economic Zone)

Question 12

Types of fishing

Purse-seine

Answer 12

encloses fish in a large bowl shaped net

captures surface level stuff (tuna and herring)

Question 13

Types of fishing

Long-lining

Answer 13

Putting out lines up to 60 miles long w/ thousands of bated hooks

captures sharks and cod and tuna mostly

Question 14

Types of fishing

Drift (gill) Net

Answer 14

Wall-like nets that hang up to 50 feet deep & rip the gills off fish as they swim through

Good for economy bad for ocean life

Trap & kill large quantities of unwanted fish, marine mammals, seabirds, & sea

Question 15

Types of fishing

Trap Fishing

Answer 15

Smaller traps are lowered attached by rope to the boat or buoys

Captures Crabs and Losters

Question 16

Types of fishing

Bottom Trawling

Answer 16

Huge weighted nets drag across the ocean floor

Question 17

Types of fishing

Cons about Bottom Trawling

Answer 17

Catch lots of unintended species
Stir up sediments (increase turbidity)
Can destroy structures like coral reefs
Decrease biodiversity by killing non-target species

Question 18

Types of fishing

Pros about Aquaculture

Answer 18

• takes up very little ocean space
• reduces the likelyhood of fishiers industry collaping (by 90%)
• doesn’t take land space
• enhance production ( more fish in less time)

Question 19

Types of fishing

Aquaculture

Answer 19

Raising fish or other aquatic species in cages/enclosures underwater

Best for ecosytem worst for economy

Question 20

Types of fishing

Aquaculture drawbacks

Answer 20

• High concentration of waste or water pollution (e. coli & eutrophication risks)
• High density increases disease risk, which can be transmitted to wild populations as well
• May introduce non-native species or GMOs to local ecosystem if captive fish escape
• Fish are fed antibiotics which can contaminate water via their waste

Question 21

Impacts of Overfishing

Answer 21

Fishery collapse: when overfishing causes 90% population decline in a fishery
* population may never recover
* Decreasing biodiversity

Question 22

Fishing Down the Food Web & Trophic Cascade

Answer 22

Depletion of smaller fish pop. limits fishery recovery and decreases food supply of marine mammals & seabirds

Question 23

Impacts of Overfishing

Answer 23

Bycatch: aquatic species caught unintentionally; often not kept due to non-target, over quota, illegal (endangered) or too small
dead/injury fish are thrown back into the ocean
Fishprint: area of ocean needed to sustain the fish consumption of an average person, nation, or world

Question 24

Sustainable fishing

Answer 24

• Establish more Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)
• Staying at Maximum Sustainable Yield (MSY)
• Using efficient fishing methods that decrease the amount of potential bycatch
• More minimal catch fishing methods (spearfishing, hook & line, cast nets)
• Increasing government regulations/laws
• Consequences for overfishing
• Abstain or decrease fish/seafood in human diets
• Better overall fishery management
• Decrease in international water agreements