Chap 2 the self

Question 1

spotlight effect?

Answer 1

seeing ourselves at centre stage, thus intuitively overestimating the extent to which others’ attention is aimed at us.

Question 2

illusion of transparency?

Answer 2

The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others. happens when an individual feel worry and conscious about being evaluated negatively by other.

Question 3

what forces plays role between our sense of self and our social worlds?

Answer 3

1. Spotlight effect
2. Illusion of transparency
3. Social surroundings affect our social-awareness
4. Self-interest colors our social judgment
5. Social-concern motivates our social behavior.
6. Social relationships help define the self

Question 4

who discover insulin?

Answer 4

Frederick Banting and John Macleod received a 1923 Nobel Prize for discovering insulin.

Question 5

how the rise of sense of self is studied by neuroscientists?

Answer 5

• exploring the brain activity that underlies our constant sense of being oneself.

Question 6

What is the significance of right hemisphere in self-recognition?

Answer 6

after putting to sleep (with an anesthetic to your right carotid artery) and you likely will have trouble recognizing your own face.
-One patient with right-hemisphere damage failed to recognize himself and he was controlling his left hand

Question 7

what is the functionality of medial prefrontal cortex related to self?

Answer 7

The “medial prefrontal cortex,” a neuron path located in the cleft between your brain hemispheres just behind your eyes, seemingly helps stitch together your sense of self. It becomes more active when you think about yourself

Question 8

self-schemas?

Answer 8

The elements of your self-concept, the specific beliefs by which you define yourself.

Question 9

schemas?

Answer 9

Schemas are mental templates by which we organize our worlds.

Question 10

social comparison ?

Answer 10

We compare ourselves with those around us and become conscious of how we differ. We then use others as a benchmark by which we can evaluate our performance and our beliefs.

Question 11

what does “seeing everyone else’s highlight reels” phenomenon refers to?

Answer 11

depression of Facebook users as a result of socially comparing themselves with others on the site.

Question 12

Compare upward?

Answer 12

rising the standards by which we evaluate our attainments.

Question 13

The looking-glass self concept by sociologist Charles H. Cooley?

Answer 13

our use of how we think others perceive us as a mirror for perceiving ourselves.

Question 14

individualism?

Answer 14

The concept of giving priority to one’s own goals over group goals and defining one’s identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications. INDEPENDENT SELF!

Question 15

collectivism?

Answer 15

Giving priority to the goals of one’s groups (often, one’s extended family or work group) and defining one’s identity accordingly. INTERDEPENDENT SELF!

Question 16

conservative vs liberals?

Answer 16

1.Conservatives -> economic individualists (“Don’t tax or regulate me”) and moral collectivists (“Legislate against immorality”).
2. Liberals -> economic collectivists (supporting universal health care) and moral individualists (“Let people choose for themselves”)

Question 17

how the concept of self-esteem in collectivist culture applies?

Answer 17

In collectivist cultures, self-esteem is malleable (context-specific) rather than stable (enduring across situations).

Question 18

planning fallacy?

Answer 18

underestimating how long it will take to complete a task

Question 19

impact bias?

Answer 19

Overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events. happens more after experiencing a negative event.

Question 20

how resilience is our coping mechanism?

Answer 20

major negative events (which activate our psychological defences) can be less enduringly distressing than minor irritations (which don’t activate our defences). We are, under most circumstances, remarkably resilient.

Question 21

how self-esteem level makes difference on people’s reaction to a threat?

Answer 21

1. High-self-esteem people usually react to a self-esteem threat by compensating for it (blaming someone else or trying harder next time). MAINTIAN POSITIVE IMAGE OF THEMSELVES.
2. Low-self-esteem people, however, are more likely to blame themselves or to give up

Question 22

schadenfreude ?

Answer 22

joy at another’s misfortune

Question 23

terror management theory?

Answer 23

humans must find ways to manage their overwhelming fear of death. If self-esteem is only about acceptance, he counters, why do “people strive to be great rather than to just be accepted”
- The reality of our own death, he argues, motivates us to gain recognition from our work and values/ can’t be wholly unconditional!

Question 24

self-fulfilling prophecy?

Answer 24

Beliefs that lead to their own fulfillment

Question 25

self-efficacy?

Answer 25

Believing in our own competence and effectiveness

Question 26

difference between self-efficacy and self-esteem?

Answer 26

If you believe you can do something, that’s self-efficacy. If you like yourself overall, that’s self-esteem.

Question 27

What Is Self-Serving Bias?

Answer 27

internalizing success and externalizing failure, unrealistic optimism, false consensus and uniqueness, comparing oneself favorably to others.

Question 28

What are self-serving biases’ adaptive and maladaptive aspects?

Answer 28

• optimistic, helps with coping
  -unrealistic, people will make less effort
• leads to failure

Question 29

self-serving attributions?

Answer 29

(attributing positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to something else)

Question 30

bias blind spot?

Answer 30

we blame other for self-serving biases but can’t see that we are engaging in the same activity. (our blind spot)

Question 31

what is explanatory style(associated with depressed people)?

Answer 31

A person’s habitual way of explaining life events. A negative, pessimistic, and depressive explanatory style attributes failures to stable, global, and internal causes. DEPRSSING SELSE OF HOPELESSNESS!

Question 32

self-handicapping?

Answer 32

Sometimes people sabotage their chances for success by creating impediments that make success less likely.

Question 32

defensive passimism?

Answer 32

Defensive pessimism anticipates problems and motivates effective coping.

Question 33

false consensus effect?

Answer 33

The tendency to overestimate the commonality of one’s opinions and one’s undesirable or unsuccessful behaviours.

Question 34

false uniqueness effect?

Answer 34

The tendency to underestimate the commonality of one’s abilities and one’s desirable or successful behaviours.

Question 35

temporal comparisons?

Answer 35

Comparisons between how the self is viewed now and how the self was viewed in the past or how the self is expected to be viewed in the future.

Question 36

Self-presentation theory?

Answer 36

Self-presentation theory assumes that we are eager to present ourselves in ways that make a good impression. Thus, we feel social anxiety when we are motivated to impress others but have self-doubts.

Question 37

spotlight effect?

Answer 37

overestimate the extent to which other people are watching and evaluating them

Question 38

alcohol myopia?

Answer 38

Alcohol can also reduce social anxiety by restricting people’s ability to think about their internal states

Question 39

epigenetic?

Answer 39

molecular, epigenetic mechanisms by which stress, the study of how your behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work.