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ANAT380 > Module 2: The Abdomen > Flashcards

Module 2: The Abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

4 quadrants of the abdomen

A

Left and right upper and lower

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2
Q

9 divisions of the anterior abdominal wall

A
  1. Epigastric
  2. Umbilical
  3. Hypogastric
  4. Left hypochondriac
  5. Left lumbar
  6. Left inguinal
  7. Right hypochondriac
  8. Right lumbar
  9. Right inguinal
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3
Q

Layers of the abdominal wall (superficial to deep)

A
  1. Skin
  2. Superficial fascia
  3. Investing fascia
  4. External oblique
  5. Internal oblique
  6. Transervsalis abdominus
  7. Extraperiotoneal fat
  8. Transversalis fascia
  9. Parietal peritoneum
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4
Q

What is a liposuction?

A

Surgical suctioning of fat deposits of the body, involves the removal of the superficial facia layer (Camper’s fascia)

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5
Q

Superficial fascia layer divisions

A

Camper’s fascia (superficial)
Scarpa’s fascia (membranous)

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6
Q

Symptoms of potential liposuction complications

A

Bruising, swelling, damage to other layers of abdominal wall

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7
Q

What is the rectus sheath?

A

Protective layer within the anterior abdominal wall that supports and protects the contents of the abdomen

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8
Q

What is the rectus sheath made up of?

A

The aponeurotic internal oblique, external oblique and transversus abdominus

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9
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

Flat-sheet of tendon like material that anchors a muscle or connects it w the part that the muscle moves

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10
Q

What is rectus abdominus diastasis?

A

Condition in which the rectus abdominus muscles become separated due to a thinning and widening of the linea alba

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11
Q

Symptoms of rectus abdominus diastasis

A

Protruding midline and lower back pain

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12
Q

Blood supply to the anterior abdominal wall

A
  1. Superior epigastric artery
  2. Inferior epigastric artery
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13
Q

Superior epigastric artery

A

Terminal branch of the internal thoracic artery
Enters rectus sheath posteriorly and anastomoses w the inferior epigastric artery

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14
Q

Inferior epigastric artery

A

Branch of external iliac artery

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15
Q

What is a rectus sheath hematoma?

A

Result of bleeding of the rectus sheath from damage to the superior and/or inferior epigastric arteries and their branches which could happen from a direct tear of rectus sheath or abdominal muscles

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16
Q

Symptoms of rectus sheath hematoma

A

Blood collects on anterior abdominal wall causing bruising, tenderness, pain and bulging of abdomen

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17
Q

Lymphatic drainage of anterior abdominal wall

A
  1. Superficial
  2. Deep
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18
Q

Superficial lymphatic drainage

A

Drainage to axillary nodes from above the umbilicus to the superficial inguinal nodes below the umbilicus

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19
Q

Deep lymphatic drainage

A

Drainage to external iliac, common iliac and lumbar nodes

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20
Q

Inguinal canal

A

4-6cm in length located in lower anterior abdominal wall
Imp passageway for structures btwn abdominal and pelvic region

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21
Q

Inguinal rings

A

Ends of the inguinal canal, act at doorways for contents to enter and exit

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22
Q

Superficial inguinal ring

A

Opening in external oblique aponeurosis, superior to pubic tubercle

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23
Q

Deep inguinal ring

A

Invagination of transversals fascia, superior to midpoint of inguinal ligament

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24
Q

Contents of inguinal canal in females

A

Main structure is the round ligament of uterus

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25
Q

Innervation of inguinal canal in females

A

Ilioinguinal nerve supplies skin of upper labia majora and mons pubis

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26
Q

Contents of inguinal canal in males

A

Main structure is spermatic cord

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27
Q

Innervation of inguinal canal in males

A

Ilioinguinal nerve supplies skin of upper scrotum and root of penis

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28
Q

Ilioinguinal nerve

A

Passes through canal and exits through superficial inguinal ring; supplies skin of adjacent upper thigh in both males and females

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29
Q

What is an inguinal hernia?

A

When contents of the abdominal cavity protrude into the inguinal canal; happens at weak spots of abdominal wall

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30
Q

Weak spots of female abdominal wall

A

Where round ligaments of uterus attaches to the tissue surrounding the pubic bone

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31
Q

Weak spots of male abdominal wall

A

In inguinal canal where spermatic cord enters the scrotum

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32
Q

Symptoms of inguinal hernia

A

Bruising, bulging, pain especially when bending over, lifting objects or coughing

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33
Q

What causes weakness in abdominal wall?

A

Giving birth, injury, aging

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34
Q

Major muscles of the posterior abdominal wall

A

Divided into superior and inferior portions

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35
Q

What borders the posterior abdominal wall superiorly?

A

The diaphragm

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36
Q

Major muscles of posterior abdominal wall (superior)

A

Larger right and smaller left crus of diaphragm

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37
Q

Right cura origin

A

L1-L3

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38
Q

Left cura origin

A

L1-L2

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39
Q

Major muscles of posterior abdominal wall (inferior)

A

Psoas major
Illiacus
Quadratus lumborum

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40
Q

Iliopsoas muscle

A

Formed by the merging of the psoas major and iliacus and inserts onto the lesser trochanter of the femur

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41
Q

Quadratus lumborum

A

Thin, flat muscle that originates on iliac crest and lumbar vertebrae and inserts into rib 12

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42
Q

Tight Quadratus Lumborum

A

Tight muscles on one side of posterior abdominal wall can lift the corresponding side of one’s pelvis leading to a misalignment and can pull at the ribs limiting reaching and breathing

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43
Q

What happens if both quadratus lumborum muscles are tight?

A

Compression on spine and back pain

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44
Q

Formation of lumbar plexus

A

Formed in psoas major muscle from the ventral (anterior) rami of lumbar spinal nerves 1-4

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45
Q

Nerves of the lumbar plexus

A
  1. Iliohypogastric
  2. Ilioinguinal
  3. Genitofermoral
  4. Lateral femoral cutaneous
  5. Femoral
  6. Obturator
  7. Lumbosacral trunk
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46
Q

Iliohypogastric nerve

A

Spinal nerve L1
Supplies skin and muscles of lower abdominal wall

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47
Q

Ilioinguinal nerve

A

Spinal nerve L1
Runs through inguinal canal, supplies skin of upper medial thigh, root of penis and anterior scrotum in males and skin of mons pubis and labium majora in females

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48
Q

Genitofemoral nerve

A

Spinal nerves L1 and L2
Two branches: genital and femoral

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49
Q

Genital branch

A

Enters inguinal canal

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50
Q

Femoral branch

A

Supplies skin of upper anterior thigh

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51
Q

Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve

A

Spinal nerves L2 and L3
Supplies skin of anterolateral thigh

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52
Q

Femoral nerve

A

Spinal nerves L2-L4
Supplies muscles of anterior compartment of thigh, hip and knee joints and skin of anterior thigh

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53
Q

Obturator nerve

A

Spinal nerves L2-L4
Supplies muscles of medial compartment of thigh, hip and knee joints and skin of medial thigh

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54
Q

Lumbosacral trunk

A

Part of L4 that joins L5
Joins S1-S4 ventral rami to form the sacral plexus

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55
Q

What is a femoral nerve entrapment?

A

Pinching of femoral nerve

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56
Q

What causes femoral nerve entrapment?

A

Disc herniation at vertebral level L2/3 or L3/4
Bulging disc impinges femoral nerve

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57
Q

Symptoms of femoral nerve entrapment

A

Pain, numbness, weakness along front thigh

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58
Q

Sympathetic nerves of posterior abdominal wall

A

Lumbar sympathetic trunk

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59
Q

Lumbar sympathetic trunk

A

Runs down posterior abdominal wall lateral to vertebral column

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60
Q

Parasympathetic nerves of posterior abdominal wall

A

Vagal trunks
Pelvic splanchnic nerves

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61
Q

Vagal trunks

A

Branches of left and right vagus nerves that carry parasympathetic fibres to the aortic plexus

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62
Q

Pelvic splanchnic nerves

A

Spinal nerves S2-S4
Carry parasympathetic fibres to the superior hypogastric plexus

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63
Q

The autonomic plexuses (that we focus on)

A

Aortic (prevertebral) plexus
Superior hypogastric plexus

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64
Q

Aortic plexus

A

Includes prevertebral ganglia
Innervates organs of abdomen such as stomach, small and large intestine and kidneys

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65
Q

Prevertebral ganglia

A

Celiac
Superior mesenteric
Inferior mesenteric
Aorticorenal

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66
Q

Superior hypogastric plexus

A

At bifurcation of descending aorta
Innervates organs of pelvis such as uterus, prostate, bladder, rectum and perineum

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67
Q

What is diabetic gastroparesis?

A

Impaired innervation to abdominal viscera that can result in dysmotility (disordered peristalsis)

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68
Q

Symptoms of diabetic gastroparesis

A

Bloating, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting
NO structural abnormalities in gut and NO inflammation

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69
Q

Bifurcations of the abdominal aorta

A

Bifurcates at L4/L5 into left and right common iliac arteries which bifurcate into external and internal iliac arteries

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70
Q

What causes an aortic dissection (tear)?

A

Trauma to abdominal region
Hypertension bc walls of blood vessels are weakened over time

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71
Q

Symptoms of aortic dissection

A

Abdominal pain, weakness, fainting due to blood loss

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72
Q

Anterior unpaired visceral branches of the abdominal aorta

A
  1. Celiac artery
  2. Superior mesenteric artery
  3. Inferior mesenteric artery
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73
Q

Celiac artery

A

Forms at T12 and has three branches Supplies foregut structures

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74
Q

Three branches of celiac artery

A

Left gastric, common hepatic and splenic arteries

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75
Q

Foregut structures

A

Distal esophagus to proximal duodenum
Includes pancreas, liver, gallbladder

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76
Q

Superior mesenteric artery

A

Forms at L1 and supplies midgut structures

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77
Q

Branches of superior mesenteric artery

A

Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
Jejunal and ileal arteries
Middle and right colic arteries

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78
Q

Midgut structures

A

Extend from distal duodenum to proximal half of transverse colon

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79
Q

Inferior mesenteric artery

A

Forms at L3 and has three main branches
Supplies hindgut structures

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80
Q

Branches of inferior mesenteric artery

A

Left colic, sigmoidal and superior rectal arteries

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81
Q

Hindgut structures

A

Distal third of transverse colon to rectum

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82
Q

Lateral paired visceral branches

A
  1. Suprarenal arteries
  2. Renal arteries
  3. Gonadal arteries
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83
Q

Suprarenal arteries

A

Formed at L1

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84
Q

Renal arteries

A

Formed btwn L1 and L2

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85
Q

Gonadal arteries

A

Formed at L2

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86
Q

Posterior parietal branches

A

Supply structures of posterior abdominal wall
1. Right and left inferior phrenic arteries
2. Lumbar arteries

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87
Q

Inferior phrenic arteries

A

Arise below aortic hiatus near beginning of abdominal aorta and supply inferior surface of diaphragm

88
Q

Lumbar arteries

A

4 pairs; run in series w intercistal arteries and supply posterior abdominal wall

89
Q

What is splenic artery infarction?

A

Condition in which splenic artery is obstructed/blocked resulting in decreased blood flow to spleen

90
Q

Symptoms of splenic artery infarction

A

Slow developing pain in upper left quadrant of abdomen

91
Q

Tributaries of inferior vena cava

A

Right and left renal veins
Hepatic veins
Inferior phrenic
Lumbar veins
Left suprarenal
Right gonadal veins

92
Q

What causes inferior vena cava syndrome?

A

Obstruction of the IVC due to compression or infarction of its major tributaries

93
Q

Symptoms of IVC syndrome?

A

Edema (swelling) below diaphragm, especially lower limbs

94
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

Serous membrane that helps support organs in the abdominal cavity and allows passage of nerves, blood and lymph vessels to organs

95
Q

Layers of the peritoneum

A

Parietal and visceral

96
Q

Parietal peritoneum

A

Lines inferior surface of diasphragm, the abdominal and pelvic walls and forms a roof over pelvic viscera

97
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

Covers organs so that when their visceral surfaces are in contact w each other or w the parietal peritoneum the serous fluid allows free movement

98
Q

Peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum caused by bacterial infection

99
Q

Symptoms of peritonitis

A

Abdominal pain, weight loss, tenderness of abdomen

100
Q

Peritoneum in females

A

Incomplete closure of the peritoneal cavity to allow for communication w the exterior openings of the fallopian tubes
**can lead to spread of infection such as yeast

101
Q

Peritoneum in males

A

Closed sac

102
Q

Peritoneal folds

A

Greater and lesser omenta
Mesentaries

103
Q

Omenta

A

Large doubles of folds consisting greater and lesser portions
Cushions the intestines and act as a protective barrier for infection and trauma

104
Q

Greater omentum

A

Below stomach

105
Q

Lesser omentum

A

Btwn stomach and liver

106
Q

Mesentaries

A

Double folds that anchor the abdominal organs to posterior abdominal wall

107
Q

Intraperitoneal organs

A

Almost completely covered by peritoneum and reside within peritoneal cavity
Anchored to posterior abdominal wall by mesentary

108
Q

What are the intraperitoneal organs?

A

SALTED SPRSS
-stomach
-appendix
-liver
-transverse colon
-duodenum(1st part)
-small intestine(jejunum and ileum)
-pancreas(tail)
-rectum(upper third)
-spleen
-sigmoid colon

109
Q

Retroperitoneal organs

A

Behind peritoneum, only covered anteriorly

110
Q

What are the retroperitoneal organs?

A

SAD PUCKER
-suprarenal glands
-aorta/IVC
-duodenum(2nd-4th parts)
-pancreas
-ureters
-colon(ascending and descending)
-kidneys
-esophagus
-rectum

111
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A

Space btwn parietal and visceral layers of peritoneum

112
Q

Lesser peritoneal sac (omental bursa)

A

Lies behind stomach and extends upward to diaphragm (superior recess)
Extends downward btwn layers of greater omentum (inferior recess)
Extends left to spleen and right to communicate w greater sac

113
Q

How does the lesser sac communicate w the greater peritoneal sac?

A

Through the epiglotic (omental) foramen (of Winslow)

114
Q

Innervation of parietal peritoneum

A

Network of nerves including phrenic and lower intercostal nerves

115
Q

Pain and parietal peritoneum

A

Well-localized sensitivity to pain bc it receives same somatic nerve supply as the region of abdominal wall that it lines

116
Q

Innervation to visceral peritoneum

A

Supplied by visceral sensory nerves that accompany autonomic nerves

117
Q

Pain and visceral peritoneum

A

Poorly localized

118
Q

Lymphatics of posterior abdominal wall

A

Pre aortic lymph nodes
Para-aortic lumph nodes (lumbar)

119
Q

Where do pre-aortic lymph nodes drain?

A

Drain lymph from foregut, midgut and hindgut structures

120
Q

Where are pre-aortic lymph nodes located?

A

Anterior surface of aorta in close proximity to major unpaired branches of aorta

121
Q

Where do para-aortic lymph nodes drain?

A

Drain lymph from posterior abdominal wall, kidneys, suprarenal gland, ureters, gonads, uterus and uterine tubes

122
Q

Where are para-aortic lymph nodes located?

A

Along length of aorta on right and left sides

123
Q

What is reactive lymphadenopathy?

A

Occurs when lymph nodes become swollen due to an immune response from lymphocytes

124
Q

Symptoms of reactive lymphodenapathy

A

Tenderness, pain, warm upon touch in area of affected lymph nodes

125
Q

Parts of the esophagus

A
  1. Cervical
  2. Thoracic
  3. Abdominal
126
Q

Abdominal esophagus

A

1-2.5cm
Begins at esophageal hiatus and terminates at stomach, inferior to diaphragm

127
Q

Thoracic esophagus

A

Lungs are lateral to it
Posterior to trachea

128
Q

The lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

A

Prevents reflux of gastric contents into esophagus via involuntary control

129
Q

Gastroesophageal reflex (GERD)

A

Weak or abnormal closure of LES resulting in regurgitation of stomach contents into esophagus causing a burning sensation felt as heartburn

130
Q

Symptoms of GERD

A

Chest pain (near thoracic esophagus T8), nausea, vomiting of refluxed content

131
Q

Pyloric orfice

A

Narrowing of stomach walls at distal end where stomach contents are emptied into small intestine

132
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A

Controls movement of content from stomach into duodenum (autonomic control)

133
Q

Gastroparesis

A

Results if pyloric sphincter doesn’t open completely or at the right time causing a delay of emptying

134
Q

Endoscopy

A

Insertion of a long tube into body to observe an internal organ in detail

135
Q

Blood supply of stomach

A

Right and left gastric arteries–> anastomose at lesser curvature
Right and left gastro-epiploic arteries –> anastomose at greater curvature

136
Q

Small intestine

A

Extends from pyloric orfice to ileocecal junction
3 parts: duodenum, jejunum, ileum

137
Q

Parts of the duodenum

A
  1. Superior part
  2. Descending part
  3. Horizontal part
  4. Ascending part
138
Q

Superior part of duodenum

A

Only part of duodenum that is intraperitoneal
Bile duct and gastroduodenal artery pass posterior to it

139
Q

Descending part of duodenum

A

Anterior to hilum of kidney
Contains major duodenal papilla

140
Q

Major duodenal papilla

A

Site where the hepatopancreatic ampulla (of Vater) drains into duodenum

141
Q

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

A

Union of common bile duct and pancreatic duct

142
Q

Horizontal part of duodenum

A

Passes across IVC and abdominal aorta, inferior to origin of SMA and vein

143
Q

Superior mesenteric artery syndrome

A

Compression of duodenum btwn aorta and SMA

144
Q

Ascending part of duodenum

A

Up and left of aorta, forming duodenojejunal flexure

145
Q

How is the duodenojejunal flexure anchored to posterior abdominal wall?

A

Ligament of Treitz

146
Q

Blood supply to foregut portion of duodenum (first and second parts)

A

Gastroduodenal artery and its branch (superior pacreaticoduodenal artery)

147
Q

Blood supply to midgut portions of duodenum (third and fourth parts)

A

Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery (branch of SMA)

148
Q

Blood supply of jejunum and ileum

A

Jejunal and ileal arteries (arcades and vasa recta)

149
Q

Networks that supply jejunum

A

Fewer arcades with long vasa recta

150
Q

Networks that supply ileum

A

Many arcades with short vasa recta

151
Q

Meckel’s diverticulum

A

Birth defect resulting in an outpouching of tissue in distal ileum

152
Q

Symptoms of Meckel’s diverticulum

A

May become ulcerated resulting in blood in stool, intestinal obstruction resulting in vomiting and constipation, pain in epigastric and umbilical regions

153
Q

Complication with Meckels diverticulum

A

Pain is confused w pain from appendicitis

154
Q

Three distinguishing features of large intestine

A
  1. Teniae coli
  2. Haustra
  3. Epiploic (omental) appendages
155
Q

Teniae coli

A

3 thickened bands of longitudinal muscle

156
Q

Haustra

A

Segmented folds or pouches

157
Q

Epiploic appendages

A

Fatty tags closed by peritoneum

158
Q

Hirschsprung disease

A

Disorder that occurs at birth when motor nerve cells (auerbach’s plexus) are absent in the muscles of the colon making it difficult to pass stool

159
Q

Cecum

A

Where ileum joins large intestine in right inguinal region

160
Q

Ileocecal valve

A

Controls opening of ileum into cecum

161
Q

Intraperitoneal parts of large intestine

A

Cecum, transverse colon, sigmoid colon

162
Q

Retroperitoneal parts of large intestine

A

Ascending and descending colon, rectum

163
Q

Blood supply of midgut portion of large intestine

A

Ileocolic artery (cecum and appendix)
Right colic artery (ascending colon)
Middle colic artery (transverse colon)

164
Q

Blood supply of hindgut portion of large intestine

A

Branches of inferior mesenteric artery

165
Q

Blood supply of descending colon

A

Left colic artery

166
Q

Blood supply of sigmoid colon

A

Sigmoidal arteries

167
Q

Blood supply of rectum and upper anal canal

A

Superior rectal artery

168
Q

Marginal artery

A

Formed by anastomoses btwn right, middle and left colic arteries, provides collateral circulation

169
Q

Mesenteric artery ischemia

A

Occlusion of mesenteric arteries causing reduced blood flow to structures of midgut (distal duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon) and tissue death

170
Q

Symptoms of mesenteric artery ischemia

A

Disrupted bowel movements, nausea, vomiting, abrupt abdominal pain accompanied by abdominal tenderness

171
Q

Venous drainage of gastrointestinal viscera

A
  1. Splenic vein
  2. Superior mesenteric vein
  3. Inferior mesenteric vein
    **all drain into hepatic portal vein
172
Q

Where does the splenic vein travel?

A

Leaves spleen and passes posterior to pancreas to join superior mesenteric vein

173
Q

What does the splenic vein drain?

A

Spleen, lower esophagus, part of stomach and pancreas

174
Q

Thrombosis

A

Formation of blood clot
Pancreatic conditions can compress splenic vein and lead to this

175
Q

Superior mesenteric vein

A

Ascends through mesentery of small intestine to join splenic vein posterior to pancreas

176
Q

Mesenteric ischemia

A

Occlusion of superior and/or inferior mesenteric vein

177
Q

Inferior mesenteric vein

A

Ascends on left to join splenic vein

178
Q

Hepatic portal vein

A

Carries nutrient rich deoxygenated blood from digestive tract to liver

179
Q

What forms the hepatic portal vein?

A

Union of splenic and superior mesenteric veins posterior to pancreas

180
Q

Liver

A

Largest internal organ in body
Lobes separated by falciform ligament

181
Q

Subphrenic recess

A

Superior extensions of peritoneal cavity btwn liver and diaphragm

182
Q

Hepatorenal recess (pouch of Morrison)

A

Deep recess in peritoneal cavity on right side btwn liver and right kidney

183
Q

Blood supply of liver

A

1/3 of cardiac output passes through liver; 80% is delivered via portal vein and 20% delivered via hepatic artery proper

184
Q

Portal vein thrombosis

A

Blood clot forms in portal vein, interrupting the flow of nutrient rich blood from the intestines to liver

185
Q

Symptoms of portal vein thrombosis

A

Upper right abdominal pain, abdominal swelling and fever

186
Q

The gallbladder

A

Receives, concentrates and stores bile
Fundus, body, neck

187
Q

Gallstones

A

Hardened deposits of bile that form in gallbladder
Typically asymptomatic and only cause pain when they obstruct biliary duct

188
Q

Biliary colic

A

Spasmodic pain caused by an attempt to expel a gallstone

189
Q

What structures are affected if a gallstone blocks common bile duct?

A

Liver, gallbladder, pancreas

190
Q

Cholangitis

A

Inflammatory condition of biliary duct system caused by gallstones blocking a duct

191
Q

How does cholangitis affect the blood stream?

A

Due to presence of gallstones, bacteria enters biliary tree by reverse ascent from duodenum causing a block in passageway and infection
Increased biliary pressure spreads infection into hepatic veins leading to bacteremia (bacteria in bloodstream)

192
Q

Symptoms of cholangitis

A

Pain in upper right quadrant of abdomen, fever, chills, nausea, vomiting

193
Q

Location of head of pancreas

A

In concavity of duodenum on right side of abdominal cavity; has a medial projection (uncinate process)

194
Q

Location of body of pancreas

A

Extends left behind stomach

195
Q

Tail of pancreas

A

Abuts medial side of spleen

196
Q

Pancreatitis

A

Inflammation of pancreas, can be caused by gallstones

197
Q

How does pancreatitis occur from gallstones?

A

if gallstones block common bile duct, pancreatic enzymes are blocked from passing into the small intestine forcing them into the pancreas; recycled enzymes irritate cells of pancreas causing inflammation

198
Q

Symptoms of pancreatitis

A

Upper abdominal pain, upper left quadrant pain, nausea/vomiting, fever

199
Q

The spleen

A

Largest lymphatic organ in body, located in upper left quadrant of abdomen

200
Q

Splenomegaly

A

Condition that occurs when spleen becomes enlarged and compresses the duodenum btwn the aorta and SMA

201
Q

Symptoms of splenomegaly

A

Pain in left upper abdomen, jaundice

202
Q

The kidneys

A

Retroperitoneal structures on posterior abdominal walls
**right kidney slightly lower due to liver above it

203
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Kidney infection caused by bacterial infection of liver

204
Q

Symptoms of pyelonephritis

A

Flank pain and fever

205
Q

What is flank pain?

A

Discomfort in upper abdomen or back and sides

206
Q

Ureters

A

Muscular tubes that transport urine from kidneys to bladder
Left ureter slightly longer

207
Q

Ureter stones

A

Kidney stone that has moved to ureters, blocking pathway of urine from kidney to bladder

208
Q

Symptoms of ureter stone

A

Severe, intermittent pain in flank region, blood in urine, fever, nausea, vomiting

209
Q

Adrenal (suprarenal) glands

A

Right adrenal gland- pyramidal
Left adrenal gland- semilunar

210
Q

Blood supply of adrenal glands

A

Suprarenal artery and branches from inferior phrenic and renal arteries

211
Q

Adrenal gland tumour symptoms

A

Results in superior pain, imbalance/overproduction of hormones leading to excessive hair growth and unusual acne

212
Q

Blood supply to kidneys (arteries)

A

Left and right renal arteries that arise from lateral side of abdominal aorta at L2
Accessory renal arteries

213
Q

Blood supply to kidneys (veins)

A

Left and right renal veins travel anterior to renal arteries
Left renal vein passes under SMA to drain into IVC; longer bc it has to cross aorta

214
Q

Nutcracker syndrome

A

Rare condition that occurs when left renal vein becomes compressed btwn abdominal aorta and SMA

215
Q

Symptoms of nutcracker syndrome

A

Pressure increase in renal vein leading to blood and protein in urine, flank pain and abdominal pain

216
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Severe UTI which manifests suddenly; bacteria from bladder migrates to kidney

217
Q

Thoracic/descending aorta blood supply

A

Bronchial arteries, mediastinal arteries and pericardial arteries
Posterior intercostal artery

ANAT380 (8 decks)

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