Antibodies Flashcards

1
Q

What cells are antibodies made up of

A

B-cells

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2
Q

How many chains are there in antibodies

A

4

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3
Q

What are the chains called in antibodies

A

Polypeptide chains

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4
Q

How do we divide these 4 chains into two pairs?

A

Heavy and light chains

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5
Q

Which chains are heavy and which chains are light

A

Long chains are heavy, short chains are light

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6
Q

How many regions are there, and what are they called

A
  • 2
  • Constant and variable
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7
Q

What does the constant region do

A

Attaches to receptors on B-cells

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8
Q

What does the variable region do

A

Antigen binding sites

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9
Q

Why are the binding sites on each antibody unique

A

unique sequence of amino acids in the primary structure causing a highly specific 3D shape

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10
Q

What do antibodies do to antigens?

A

Prepare them for destruction

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11
Q

In what ways can an antibody lead to the destruction of an antigen?

A
  • They cause agglutination which makes the pathogen easier to locate by the phagocytes, because they are less spread out.
  • They also serve as markers that stimulate phagocytes to engulf the bacterial cells, which the antibodies are attached to.
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12
Q

Describe what is meant by Monoclonal antibodies

A

Monoclonal antibodies refers to the isolation and cloning of a single B cell, in order to produce large amounts of its unique antibody.

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13
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies used to do

A

Identify and treat many diseases

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14
Q

Explain why these antibodies are referred to as ‘monoclonal’

A

They are antibodies produced from a single clone of B-cells.

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15
Q

Describe how monoclonal antibodies can be used to treat cancers

A

- Monoclonal antibodies are produced which are specific to antigens on cancer cells
- These antibodies are given to a patient and attach themselves to the receptors on their cancer cells (or immune cells)
- This stops the cancer cell from defending itself against the immune system

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