the health risks of smokin

Question 1

smoking kills

Answer 1

1) more than 400,000 people per year in USA
2) leading preventable cause of death in the US

Question 2

exposures to provider

Answer 2

1) dentists are also exposed to this during biopsy
2) carbon monoxide

Question 3

benzopyrene

Answer 3

1) when smoking, exposure to it
2) it is a potent carcinogen
3) risk of lung cancer is related to intensity of exposure
- one pack daily for 10 years equals 10 pack years
- 20 cigs / pack
- pack year = packs per day * number of years

Question 4

smoking and cancer

Answer 4

1) 90% lung cancers occur in smokers
2) colorectal and liver cancers
3) combo of smoking and alcohol has multiplicative effect on oral cancer

Question 5

pathogenesis

Answer 5

1) there are enzymes that convert benzopyrene to something that can attach to guanine
2) the body’s DNA repair system will catch it and initiate apoptosis
3) if not, a mutation occurs and can be carcinogenic

Question 6

morphology

Answer 6

1) mutations can disrupt cellular growth and organization
2) epithelial tumors

Question 7

smoking and the circulatory system

Answer 7

1)1/3 of heart attacks are associated with smoking
2) increased platelet aggregation, etc.

Question 8

smoking and diabetes

Answer 8

1) increases cell threshold response to insulin
2) increases risk of type II diabetes
3) higher risk for amputation

Question 9

smoking and pregnancy

Answer 9

1) reduced fertility, miscarriage, sudden infant death, birth defect, babies that breath smoke die

Question 10

smoking and immune system

Answer 10

1) smoking makes body less successful at fighting wound healing and infection
2) neutrophils and nicotine
- chemotaxis
- phagocytosis
- releases of ROS
3) autoimmune disorders
- rheumatoid arthritis

Question 11

smoking and eye disease

Answer 11

1) vasoconstriction
- nicotine and other chemicals
2) 4x more likely age-related macular degeneration
3) and cataracts

Question 12

secondhand smoke

Answer 12

1) triggers heart attacks, strokes
2) lung cancer, etc

Question 13

nicotine is

Answer 13

1) addictive
2) alkaloid
3) absorbed in lung and passes to brain
- dopamine
4) quitting = withdrawal symptoms

Question 14

teens

Answer 14

1) more sensitive to nicotine
2) most current smokers became addicted as teens

Question 15

quitting and reduced risks

Answer 15

1) one year after quitting, risk of heart attach drops sharply
2) risks for cancers drop by half within 5 years
3) 10 years, lung cancer risk drops by half
4) if quit by age 30, their health may become as good as a nonsmoker

Question 16

cessation pharmacotherapy

Answer 16

1) FDA approved
- nicotine replacement therapy (NRT)
- bupropion
- varenicline
2) all approved cessation medication doubt quit rates when compared with placebo treatment

Question 17

nicotine replacement therapy

Answer 17

1) no Rx
2) plasma concentrations lower and slower1

Question 18

bupropion

Answer 18

1) increases brain levels of dopamine and norepinephrine, stimulating effects of nicotine

Question 19

varenicline

Answer 19

1) partial agonist of the major receptor involved in nicotine addiction

Question 20

counseling

Answer 20

1) pharmacotherapy is much more effective when combined with counseling and behavioral treatment
2) provider advice doubled the likelihood of patient abstaining from smoking

Question 21

e-cigs

Answer 21

1) studies have shown they do work as a modality to quit conventional cigarettes
2) not safe for youth, pregnant women, and adults who do not currently use tobacco
3) the most used tobacco product among youth in the US

Question 22

e-cigs and the oral cavity

Answer 22

1) periodontal and peri-implant clinical and radiographic parameters are worse
2) proinflammatory cytokine levels are higher
3) nicotinic stomatitis, hairy tongue, angular cheilitis being more prevalent
4) component of vapor have a known cytotoxic and carcinogenic properties
5) microbiological studies show that users have a distinct microbiome

Question 23

cold turkey

Answer 23

1) does not work
2) failure of 95-98%