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Pharmacology II > Fluids and Electrolytes > Flashcards

Fluids and Electrolytes Flashcards

1
Q

how much of the body is composed of water?

A

60%

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2
Q

How is the TBW value different in infants and older adults?

A

TBW is higher in infants and lower in older adults

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3
Q

What is total body water composed of?

A

67% Intracellular fluid
25% Interstitial fluid
8 % plasma volume

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4
Q

Where is Intravascular Fluid?

A

Inside Blood vessels

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5
Q

Where is Extravascular Fluid?

A

Outside the blood vessels
(lymph, cerebrospinal fluid)

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6
Q
A
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7
Q

Breakdown the distribution of TBW

A

TBW = 60%
ICF = 2/3 of TBW
ECF = 1/3 of TBW
ISF = 2/3 of ECF
PV = 1/3 of ECF

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8
Q

_____ + _____ = ECF

A

Interstitial fluid + Plasma = ECF

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9
Q

Define Tonicity

A

is the measurement of concentration when referring to IV solutions

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10
Q

define Osmolarity

A

is the measurement of concentration when referring to body fluids

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11
Q

What is COP

A

COP stands for Colloid osmotic pressure and is when colloids that can not leave the blood stream due to their size cause fluid to be pulled into the blood vessels. is normally 24 mm Hg

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12
Q

Where dose fluid move in a hypertonic solution?

A

Out of the cell because the osmolarity is higher outside the cell. Cell shrinkage

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13
Q

Where dose fluid move in a hypotonic solution?

A

Into the cell because the osmolarity is higher in the cell. Cell bursting

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14
Q

Where dose fluid move in a isotonic solution

A

No net movement because the osmolarity is the same inside and outside the cell

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15
Q

Define Edema

A

When there is an accumulation of fluid in the Extravascular space

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16
Q

Define dehydration

A

When fluid lost exceeds fluid gained

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17
Q

What are Crystalloids?

A

solutions containing fluids and electrolytes
they contain no proteins
No risk for anaphylaxis, viral transition, or altered coagulation

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18
Q

What are the 4 reasons to use Crystalloids?

A

Compensate for insensible fluid loss
Replacement of fluids
Manage fluid and electrolyte disturbances
Promote urinary flow

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19
Q

List the Crystalloids you need to know for the exam

A

Normal saline: 0.9 % sodium chloride
3.3 Dextrose and 0.3 NS
Hypertonic saline
Lactated ringer solution (Iso)
Dextrose 5% in H20 (Iso)
D5W and 0.45 NS (Hyp)

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20
Q

What are the indications of Crystalloids?

A

Compensate for insensible fluid loss
Replace fluids
manage fluid and electrolyte disturbance
promote urinary flow
DVT
hemodiaysis
shock
burns

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21
Q

What are the AE of Crystalloids?

A

May cause edema
may dilute plasma proteins = decreased COP
short therapeutic life
long infusions may impact acidosis or alkalosis

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22
Q

What are Colloids?

A

Protein substances
Increase COP = move ISF to PV when needed

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23
Q

Name the Colloid drugs you need to know for the exam

A

Albumin 5% & 25%
Dextran 40 or 70
Hetastarch

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24
Q

What are the AE of Colloids?

A

May alter coagulation
Have no clotting or oxygen carrying capacity
Rarely causes kidney issues or allergic reaction

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25
Q

Where is Albumin produced?

A

Liver

26
Q

____ is responsible for creating 70% of COP

A

Albumin

27
Q

Where is Albumin obtained from?

A

Human donors

28
Q

_____ is the only fluid that can carry oxygen

A

Blood products

29
Q

What do Blood products do?

A

Increase oxygenation and PV
Increase COP

30
Q

What are the indications of blood products

A

To manage bleeding (cryoprecipitate)
Increase clotting factors (Fresh frozen plasma)
Increase oxygen carrying capacity (RBC, Whole blood)
Help bring fluid back into PV compartment (Whole blood)

31
Q

What are the AE of Blood products?

A

Not Compatible for everyone (immune response)
Transfusion reaction
Anaphylaxis
pathogen transmission

32
Q

What are the principle ECF electrolytes?

A

Sodium cations
Chloride anions

33
Q

What are the principle ICF electrolytes?

A

Potassium

34
Q

Where is most of the bodies Potassium?

A

95% in cells

35
Q

What is the most abundant cationic electrolyte in the body?

A

Potassium

36
Q

What is a healthy range of Potassium in the body?

A

3.5-5 mmol/L

37
Q

Name 5 foods high in Potassium

A

Bananas, oranges, broccoli, potatoes, wheat bread, etc.

38
Q

Where is extra potassium exdcreted?

A

The kidneys

39
Q

What can cause to Hyperkalemia?

A

Potassium supplements
Kidney failure
ACEs
Burns/trauma/infections
Metabolic acidosis
potassium sparing diuretics

40
Q

What can cause Hypokalemia?

A

Alkalosis
Corticosteroids
Diarrhea/vomiting
Burns
Thiazide and Thiazide like diuretics
Hyper aldosterone

41
Q

What can cause digoxin toxicity?

A

Hypokalemia when taken with digoxin resulting in Ventricular dysrythmias

42
Q

What are the 6 things Potassium is responsible for in the body?

A

Muscle contraction
Nerve impulse transmitting
Heart beating
balancing acid-base
Isotonicity
Electrodynamic characteristics of the cell

43
Q

What is the Indications of Potassium?

A

treat/ prevent potassium depletion
Stop irregular heart beats
Manage tachydysrhythmias

44
Q

What are the AE of Potassium?

A

PO: NVD, GI bleeding, ulceration
IV: pain at injection site, phlebitis (inflammation of vein near site)
Too much: hyperkalemia, toxicity, cardiac arrest

45
Q

How dose Hyperkalemia manifest?

A

Muscle weakness, paresthesia (numbness/tingling) , paralysis, cardia irregularities

46
Q

How do you treat Hyperkalemia?

A

hemodialysis to remove excess K+
IV sodium bicarbonate
Sodium Polystyrene sulphonate

47
Q

What is the normal concentration of Na+ out of the cell?

A

135-145 mmol/L

48
Q

How dose hyponatremia present?

A

lethargy, stomach cramps, hypotension, vomiting and diarrhea, seizures

49
Q

What causes Hyponatremia?

A

Excessive diarrhea, vomiting, perspiration, kidneys disorder, adrenocortical impairment

50
Q

How dose hypernatremia present?

A

Edema, hypertension, red, flushed, dry, sticky mucous membranes, thirst, increased temp, little or no urine output

51
Q

What causes Hypernatremia?

A

Poor excretion of Na+, inadequate H20 intake, dehydration

52
Q

What is Na+ responsible for in the body?

A

Control of water reabsorption
fluid and electrolyte balance
Osmotic pressure of Body fluids
Participation of acid-base balance

53
Q

What are the indications of Na+?

A

Na+ depletion
in mild cases treat with oral NaCl or fluid restriction
In severe cases use IV NS or lactated Ringer solution

54
Q

What are the AE of Na+?

A

PO: Nausea, vomiting, cramps
IV: vein inflamation

55
Q

What needs to be assessed when pt is taking Fluid and electrolyte drugs?

A

baseline fluids
electrolyte status
VS
weights
mucous membrane
I/O
Electrocardiogram (K+)
contraindications
Transfusion Hx

56
Q

What needs to be monitored when pt is on Fluid and electrolyte drugs?

A

Serum electrolyte levels
Infusion rates and sites
appearance of fluid or solution
other IV complications

57
Q

What is the max infusion rate for IV K+?

A

10mmol/hr when pt is not on cardiac monitor
20mmol/L when critical pt is on cardiac monitor

58
Q

How should you NEVER give K+?

A

IV bolus or undiluted

59
Q

______ should always be taken with 100-250mL of fluid and food to avoid upset GI, and avoid rapid absorption

A

potassium

60
Q

How should colloids be admintred?

A

slowly

Pharmacology II (12 decks)

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