Unit 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the process through which species adapt and change over time?

A

Natural Selection
-living organisms reproduce
-more offspring are produced than can survive
-offspring are genetically unique

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2
Q

Tracks changes, due to natural selection, in a population

A

Population genetics

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3
Q

What is allele frequency?

A

the relative frequency of an allele at a particular locus in a population.

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4
Q

What do changes in allele frequency from one population to the next mean?

A

that the population is evolving

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5
Q

What is genotype frequency?

A

The frequency or proportion of genotypes in a population.

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6
Q

Hardy-Weinburg Equilibrium Conditions

A

-no gene flow
-no natural selection
-no mutation
-random mating
-no genetic drift

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7
Q

A population in HWE is…

A

NOT evolving.

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8
Q

Allele frequencies equation

A

-p + q = 1
-p is the frequency of the dominant allele
-q is the frequency of the recessive allele

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9
Q

Genotype frequencies equation

A

– p^2+2pq+q^2=1
-p^2 is the frequency of one homozygous dominant genotype
-2pq is the frequency of the heterozygous genotype
-q^2 is the frequency of the other homozygous recessive genotype

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10
Q

The diversity of PHENOTYPES in a population

A

Population variance

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11
Q

The diversity of ALLELES within the population.

A

Genetic variance

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12
Q

What changes allele frequency due to random chance?

A

Genetic drift

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13
Q

What changes allele frequency due to migration of individuals?

A

Gene flow

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14
Q

What changes allele frequency by introducing new alleles?

A

Mutation

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15
Q

What changes allele frequency by sexual selection?

A

Nonrandom mating

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16
Q

What changes allele frequency by influence of phenotypes?

A

Environmental variance

17
Q

The process of natural selection increasing the frequency of beneficial traits, decreasing the frequency of deleterious traits.

A

Adaptive evolution

18
Q

Remember, natural selection isn’t selecting for/against an allele,

A

it is selecting for/against a phenotype.

19
Q

A measure of an individual’s fitness compared to the fitness of others in population

A

Relative (evolutionary) fitness

20
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

selects for the middle, not the extreme

21
Q

Directional selection

A

selects for one extreme depending on benefit; gradient

22
Q

Diversifying selection

A

selects against the middle type; all white or all black in wolf ex.

23
Q

How do taxonomic groups move?

A

from more inclusive to less inclusive

24
Q

How to you name in taxonomy?

A

Binomial nomenclature system: Genus species (italicized)

25
Q

structures/traits that are similar due to a common ancestor

A

Homologies

26
Q

structures/traits are similar due to similar environmental pressures

A

Analogies

27
Q

Convergent evolution

A

similar structure/trait due to similar environmental pressures

28
Q

Divergent evolution

A

splitting of a lineage, differentiation.

29
Q

Apomorphy

A

a novel derived character

30
Q

Synapomorphy

A

shared derived (character by last common ancestor

31
Q

Plesiomorphy

A

shared ancestral character (present in ancestor and descendants)

32
Q

Autapomorphy

A

unique derived (novel character present in only one group, not present in most recent common ancestor)