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SAM Final PQS > PQ 1 > Flashcards

PQ 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is not a mark?

A

Tattoo

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2
Q

What is not part of the Nationale?

A

History

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3
Q

What are the principles of Marek’s sound percussion (MC)?

A

Crackling sound of the hammer & plessimeter; Sound of thoracic wall or wall of any

organ; Resonant sound of gas-containing tissue or other organs

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of pulse pressure?

A

Difference between systolic & diastolic blood pressure; Determined by HR, stroke

volume & peripheral resistance

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5
Q

What are the indications of ECG?

A
  • Irregular heartbeats noted during physical exam;
  • Bradycardia; Tachycardia;
  • Evaluation of cardiac arrhythmias;
  • Detection of enlarged cardiac chambers;
  • Show cardiac disturbances of electrolytes & systemic diseases; Aid cardiac disease diagnosis;
  • Monitor anaesthesia;
  • Evaluate effectiveness of cardiac drugs
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6
Q

What is the dental formula in the dog?

A

Top: 3-1-4-2; Bottom: 3-1-4-3

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7
Q

What is the dental formula in the cat?

A

Top: 3-1-3-1; Bottom 3-1-2-1

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8
Q

What are the indications in the oesophagus for a GI endoscopy?

A
  • Dysphagia;
  • Regurgitation;
  • Foreign body;
  • Oesophageal stricture;
  • Megaoesophagus;
  • Oesophagitis;
  • Patent ductus arteriosus;
  • Hiatal hernia;
  • Worms
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9
Q

What are the indications in the stomach for a GI endoscopy?

A
  • Dysphagia;
  • Regurgitation;
  • Chronic vomiting;
  • Foreign body;
  • Haematemesis;
  • Melena;
  • Gastritis;
  • Ulcers;
  • Neoplasia;
  • Pyloric obstruction;
  • Gastric mobility disorder
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10
Q

What are the indications in the duodenum for a GI endoscopy?

A
  • Chronic vomiting;
  • Haematemesis;
  • Melena;
  • Chronic diarrhoea;
  • Inflammatory bowel disease;
  • Lymphangiectasia
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11
Q

What are the indications in the colon for a GI endoscopy?

A
  • Tenesmus;
  • Haematochezia;
  • Dyschezia (constipation);
  • Rectal masses;
  • Faecal mucus;
  • Lymphoma;
  • Adenocarcinoma;
  • Caecal inversion;
  • Colitis
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12
Q

What is not an indication for a GI endoscope?

A

Ascites

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13
Q

In dogs, RSHF can lead to

A
  • Ascites;
  • Pleural fluid accumulation;
  • Distended jugular;
  • Dyspnoea;
  • Subcutaneous fluid
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14
Q

What sound do you hear in case of pulmonary oedema?

A

Non-musical rhonchi (crepitation & crackling)

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15
Q

What types of stones can be seen with an ultrasound?

A) only inorganic

B) only the organic

C) struvite and oxalate

D) All

A

Inorganic, Organic, Struvite & oxalate (all stone types)

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16
Q

What is nystagmus?

A

Involuntary movement of the eyeball

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17
Q

What is Horner’s syndrome?

A

Sympathetic denervation of the orbit

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of Horner’s syndrome?

A

Myosis; Ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid); Enophthalmos; Prolapse of the third

eyelid; Reduced sweating

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19
Q

What can cause Horner’s syndrome?

A

Polyps

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20
Q

How any hours must you leave after eating to avoid post-prandial lipaemia?

A) 6

B) 12

C) 24

D) none

A

12 hours

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21
Q

Which statement is not true?

A

History is part of the general impression

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22
Q

Which is true about ataxia?

Incordination

Muscle weakness

Vestibular malfunction

A

Incoordination

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23
Q

What is true about precordial thrill (fremitus)?

A

Pathological. Grade 5 murmur (very loud murmur with pre-cordial thrill)

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24
Q

When is fremitus heard?

A

Dry pleurisy; Bronchitis; Fibrinous bronchitis; Stenotic cardiac valves; Valve

insufficiency

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25
Q

Which organs can be palpated in the cat’s abdomen?(MC)

  • Both kidneys
  • urinary bladder
  • small intestine
  • colon
  • liver
  • ovaries
  • lymph nodes
A

Both kidneys; Urinary bladder; Small intestine; Colon; Liver; Ovaries (when enlarged);

Lymph nodes (when enlarged)

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26
Q

What is not a kidney evaluation parameter?

A

Creatinine kinase

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27
Q

Checking the bone marrow, what is not performed?

  • X-ray
  • CT, MRI
  • Biopsy
  • Scintigraphy
  • cytology
  • ALKP
  • CBC
  • US
A

X-ray; Scintigraphy; ALKP (to check for osteolysis); US

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28
Q

Indications for skin biopsy

A

Hereditary/congenital skin diseases; Auto-immune skin diseases; Neoplasia

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29
Q

Where can the heart be palpated?

A

Over the edge of the sternum; Left side: ICS 3-6; Right side: ICS 3-5

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30
Q

What is true about the kidney?

A

Acute nephritis → Enlarged & painful; Chronic nephritis → Smaller

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31
Q

What ancillary methods can be used to test muscles?

A

EMG; Biopsy; CK; LDH (lactate dehydrogenase); AST; ALT; US; MRI; Urinalysis

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32
Q

Name some anticoagulants?

A

Heparin; EDTA; Citrate

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33
Q

Which are “connected” skin lesions?

A

Vessicle and bulla

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34
Q

What can be heard in the upper region in the case of hydrothorax?

A

Splashing sound; Louder sound; Forced loud breathing; Increased dullness

(percussion); Bronchial sounds above and zero sounds below the fluid

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35
Q

How to examine the spleen?

A

Palpation; Percussion. Lab. D: CBC; US; Radiography; FNA → cytology; Biopsy

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36
Q

What is a vesicle?

A

Circumscribed elevation filled with fluid, often viral/auto-immune origin; Skin lesion <

1 cm & filled with clear fluid

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37
Q

What is not true?

A

Narrowing of the upper airway occurs mostly in held expiration

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38
Q

. Signs of UMN disease

A

Hyperactive reflexes; Increased tone (Ø Atrophy or fasciculations)

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39
Q

What is the most important way to examine urinary tract?

A

Ultrasound; Radiology; Urinalysis; Culture; Imaging; Uroscopy

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40
Q

What are the proprioception tests?

A

Complex responses involving spinal reflexes and central coordination for normal

movement & posture –

Wheelbarrow test;

Hopping test;

Hemihopping;

Correction test

(knuckling-over test);

Crossing over;

Tactile & optical placing reactions;

Reflex stepping.

41
Q

What do you test with BMBT?

A

Buccal mucosal bleeding time; Tests for thrombocytopathy, thrombocytopenia &

vasopathies (should be between 3-5 minutes to be normal)

42
Q

Give the percussion sound standpoints?

A

Volume/loudness; Pitch/frequency; Tone/resonance; Duration; Special sounds

43
Q

Expired air standpoints?

A

Odour; Strength; Temperature; Symmetry

44
Q

What clinical signs are seen in the case of pericardial effusion?

A

Elevation of the caudo-ventral border: Increased cardiac dullness (enlargement)

45
Q

What noises can be heard upon pericardial effusion?

A

Increased cardiac dullness; Crepitation/crackling

46
Q

Why do we use the Valsalva probe?

A

Used to diagnose heart abnormalities along with echocardiograms; Valsalva

maneuverer/compression test – Breathing stopped → Pleuropericardial / pleuropleural

rubbing disappears; Breathing stopped at the end of inspiration (increased thoracic

pressure) → Pericardial rubbing increases

47
Q

Bone clinical exam

A

Physical exam: General inspection & palpation (pain; consistency; crepitation;

movement; temperature) percussion

48
Q

Symptoms of a general seizure

A

Diffused origin within cortex, thalamus & brainstem → All muscles affected; General

symptoms → Excitation or loss of consciousness

49
Q

Thorax: Normal percussion sound

A

Sharp; High or low; Sonorous (resonant) and long percussion sound

50
Q

. Examination of the adrenal glands

A

CBC (stress leukogram); Biochemistry (ALP, SIALP, NA:K ratio); ACTH-stim.; Low

dose dexamethasone suppression (LDDS) test; US; CT

51
Q

Locomotor system examination?

A

History; Physical exam; General impression; Inspection, palpation & percussion of the

given organ; Compare symmetrical parts of the body

52
Q

What is part of the “general impression”

A

Body size; Body shape & development state; Nutritional condition; General condition &

grooming; Consciousness & behaviour; Posture; Locomotion; Obvious abnormalities

53
Q

What is not part of the “general impression”

A

Basic clinical values; Status praesens; Pulse

54
Q

What is true about endoscopy?

a) Cheap

B) lateral recumbency needed

C)can be done in awake patients

D) cannot take samples

A

Can be done in awake patients (sedation)

55
Q

What is M-mode echocardiography?

A

Uni-directional M-mode echocardiography.

Used for measurement of the left ventricle

56
Q

What to check when suspecting locomotion problems?

A

History;

Physical exam;

General impression → Observation standing, moving &
recumbent;

Inspection, palpation & percussion of a given organ;

Compare symmetrical
parts of the body;

Further examination

57
Q

What is a grade 1/6 cardiac murmur?

A

Very soft murmur; Heard only after a few seconds in a quiet room

58
Q

What is a grade 2/6 cardiac murmur?

A

Soft murmur; Easily heard upon auscultation

59
Q

What is a grade 3/6 cardiac murmur?

A

Moderate-intensity murmur with good audibility

60
Q

What is a grade 4/6 cardiac murmur?

A

Loud murmur; Very good audibility but without precordial thrill

61
Q

What is a grade 5/6 cardiac murmur?

A

Very loud murmur with precordial thrill

62
Q

What is a grade 6/6 cardiac murmur?

A

Loudest murmur; Even audible with stethoscope lifted from the chest wall

63
Q

What is the procedure of the nervous system exam?

A

Ask (history) → Watch(general aspects) → Touch (physical exam) → Pain (examine pain perception)

64
Q

What are the US types?

A

M-mode (where there is a cross section of a chamber and it forms a trace);

B-mode(standard US view);

Doppler (flow patterns)

65
Q

Examination of the prostate gland

A

Palpation → Abdominal & RDP;

Visualisation → X-ray & US;

Urinalysis;

Examination of prostatic fluid → Prostatic massage;

Semen examination;

Cytology; Biopsy

66
Q

Description of the lymph nodes?

A

Shape; Size; Consistency; Structure; Pain; Movability; Temperature compared to the

other; Surface; Intactness of covered skin

67
Q

What is the consequence if the transducer frequency is higher?

A

Higher resolution; Less penetration depth

68
Q

Where is the Diernhofer triangle

A

Cardiac region; Normally filled with air; Normally produces a resonant sound,

however this sound may become dulled by presence of pleural effusion.

69
Q

Reasons why there might be bleeding from the penis

A

Injury; Wound; Prostate problem

70
Q

How is the epidermal collarette formed?

A

Remainder of the covering of a ruptured vesicle or pustule; Also seen in epidermal necrosis;

Can be caused by bacteria or dermatophytes

71
Q

What is a pathological behaviour?

A

Auto-mutilation

72
Q

What indicated consciousness?

A

Ability to learn;

Eating;

Walking;

Ability to remember;

Being aware of the surroundings;

Ability to recognise the environment

73
Q

Puncta maxima of the dog on the left side?

A

Heart apex: ICS 3-6; Murmur: 3(Pulmonary artery); 4 (Aorta); 5 (Mitral valve)

74
Q

. Puncta maxima of the dogs on the right side?

A

Heart apex: ICS 3-5; Murmur: ICS 4 (tricuspid valve

75
Q

What causes an enlarged P-wave?

A

Atrial enlargement

76
Q

2 different labs have measured creatinine but got different results; What is the reason?

A

One used a spectrophotometer; One used specific enzymes; Incorrect measurement;

Wrong equipment

77
Q

What is an incorrect way of sampling the spinal cord?

A

Blood sample;

Biopsy;

US of abdominal cavity

78
Q

What a correct way of sampling the spinal cord?

A

FNA

79
Q

Describe the Panniculus reflex?

A

Pinch the skin over the vertebrae from the iliac wing up until the level of the scapulae;

Lack of a reflex may indicate absence of deep pain perception; Normal response would

produce bilateral contraction of the m. cutaneous trunci

80
Q

Which nerves are responsible for the Panniculus reflex?

A

Afferent: Spinal segments, centre: C7 - Th1; Efferent: M. cutaneous trunci

81
Q

Which nerves are responsible for the perineal reflex?

A

Afferent: N. pudendalis; Efferent: N. pudendalis (anal sphincter) & N. rectalis caudalis

(tail flexion); Centre: S1 – S3

82
Q

In which species is the percussion of the hemithorax absolute?

A

Dog

83
Q

In which species can you feel the heart on the right side?

A

Cat, dog rabbit

84
Q

Tests for muscle function?

A

Examine the relaxed animal; Standing & lateral recumbency

85
Q

Symptoms of vestibular ataxia?

A

Head tilt; Nystagmus; Animal leans and falls to the affected side

86
Q

What is the most important part of urinary diagnostics?

A

Lab. D of urine & blood

87
Q

What can the mucosa look like if there is cardiac failure

A

Cyanotic; Livid (dark blue-grey); Pale/whitish

88
Q

What can be examined on the teeth? (MC)

  • Stones(cremor dentis)
  • Position
  • Surface
  • Closure
  • Number
  • Tartar
  • Movability
  • Percussion sound
A

Stones (cremor dentis); Surface; Closure; Number; Tartar; Movability; Percussion

sound

89
Q

What do you examine with the “swinging light test”?

A) N. opticus + n. facialis

B) N. opticus + n.facialis

C) N.opticus + n.abducens

D) N. opticus+ n.oculomotor

A

N. opticus + N. oculomotor

90
Q

Description of synovial fluid

A

Clear; Light-straw in colour; Sticky; Viscous; Strand-forming

91
Q

Normal motion of a joint

A

Easily movable; Passive movement is free of pain and no constant crepitation is felt

92
Q

What causes iron-deficiency anaemia?

A

Chronic blood loss; Blood sucking parasites; Chronic GI bleeding (ulcer, tumour);

Chronic cystitis

93
Q

What to check on the nasal plane?

  • Moistness
  • temperature
  • colour
  • surface
  • symmetry
  • smell
A

Moistness; Colour; Surface

94
Q

How to check the pancreas?

A

Check amylase & lipase biochemical parameters

95
Q

Signs of a damaged trigeminal nerve?

A

Sagging lower jaw;

Trismus (lockjaw);

Motor tic (repeated contractions of chewing

muscles)

96
Q

What can be seen on inspection of the thorax?

  • Respiratory rate
  • temperature
  • chest size
  • deformities
  • pain
A

Respiratory rate;

Chest size;

Deformities

97
Q

Arterial palpation

A

Rhythm;

Symmetric;

Rate;

Quality (size; strength; duration of pulse wave; fullness of

artery)

98
Q

What are the signs of kidney failure?

A

Chronic: Smaller size

99
Q

What is a rhythmic oscillating muscle twitch?

A

Tremor

SAM Final PQS (18 decks)

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