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PSYC 250 > Week 2 - Chapter 2 and 3 > Flashcards

Week 2 - Chapter 2 and 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Gametes

A

Produced through meiosis - contain half the genetic material of other cells

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2
Q

How does conception occur?

A

Egg releases and travels through fallopian tube and releases a chemical that attracts sperm

Only a few sperm reach the egg - one inserts itself in the egg

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3
Q

Developmental processes

A

Cell division - mitosis
Cell migration - movement of cells away from their point of origin
Cell differentiation - embryonic stem cells turn into special types of cells
Cell death - apoptosis - certain parts of the body require cell death - in between fingers

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4
Q

Hormones and development

A

Play a role in sex differentiation
If androgens are present male genitalia develop

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5
Q

Conception and early development

A

Fertilized ovum - formation of zygote through fusion of egg and sperm nuclei - rapid division - morula (solid ball of cells resulting from division) - blastocyst by day 5 or 6 - implants into uterine wall

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6
Q

Conception and twins

A

Monozygotic - zygote splits and forms 2 zygotes

Dizygotic - two eggs were released and both fertilized

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7
Q

Germinal period

A

Conception to 2 weeks
Ends with blastocyst implantation
Rapid cell division

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8
Q

Embryonic period

A

Amniotic sac and placenta formed first
3rd to 8th week
Major development of organs and body systems
Cell division, migration, differentiation, death
Hormonal influences

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9
Q

Placenta

A

Network of blood vessels
Like a barrier
Gives fetus nutrients, antibodies

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10
Q

Highlights of the embryonic period

A

4 weeks - primitive heart rate, arm and leg buds
5.5-8.5 - nose, mouth, mouth palate differentiation, separate structures

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11
Q

Fetal period

A

9th week to birth
Development of physical structures, rapid growth of body
Increased behaviour, sensory experience, learning

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12
Q

Highlights of fetus development

A

9 weeks - rapid brain growth, all organs, sexual differentiation
11 weeks - basic heart structure, spine and ribs visible, major division of brain
16 weeks - growth in lower body, movement, external genitalia

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13
Q

Highlights of fetus development part 2

A

18 weeks - fine hair and greasy coating, facial expressions
28 weeks - brain and lungs, REM sleep, auditory system, neural activity of newborn, weight triples

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14
Q

Fetal movement

A

From 5-6 weeks
Reflexes - hiccups - burping reflux - swallowing - fetal breathing
Mother feels movement at 16-25 weeks
By week 27 move up to 30 times an hour

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15
Q

Fetal sight and touch

A

Minimal visual experience, more tactile experience
May grasp umbilical cord, rub face, suck thumb
Fetal heart rate responds to maternal movements

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16
Q

Fetal taste and smell

A

Amniotic fluid has taste - fetuses have a sweet tooth
Amniotic fluid has odour from what mother ate

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17
Q

Fetal hearing

A

Lots of sound - mothers heart beat, blood flow, breathing, digestive sounds
Mothers voice is prominent - fetal heart rate changes
Last trimester - external sounds audible - can distinguish between music and speech

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18
Q

Can a fetus learn?

A

30 weeks gestation - fetus decreases response to repeated or continued stimulation - fetal habituation

Fetus learns and prefers and remembers mothers voice

Newborn remembered if mother ate carrots before, preferred carrots if she did

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19
Q

Miscarriage

A

Termination
6-15% of known pregnancies
Due to defects
2/3 occur before pregnancy detectable
25-50% will experience at least one
1% experience recurrent miscarriages

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20
Q

Teratogens

A

Environmental agents that cause harm during prenatal development

Medications, alcohol, agrochemicals, infectious agents, recreational drugs, retinoids, anti hypertensive drugs

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21
Q

Two things that impact harm of teratogens

A

Timing - there are sensitive periods where more damage can be done - embryonic period

Dose duration - the effect of exposure increases with the extent of exposure

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22
Q

Importance of timing

A

Thalidomide during 4th and 6th week leads to structural abnormalities in arms and legs

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23
Q

Importance of duration

A

Lead
Was in many products for a long time
Accumulation can lead to poisoning, and death

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24
Q

Cigarettes

A

Inhibit oxygen for the fetus and metabolizes carcinogens
Second hand smoke
Linked to cognitive impairment and low birth weight
Linked to SIDS

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25
Q

Alcohol statistics

A

Most common teratogen
Many women drink while pregnant
10% in Canada - Ireland 60% - Saudi-a Arabia - 0%
Crosses the placenta
Can lead to FASD

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26
Q

FASD

A

Continuum of alcohol related birth defects
Facial structures - eyes, nose, lips
Intellectual disability and cognitive disorders - ADHD

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27
Q

Maternal factors

A

Age, nutrition, disease, emotional state
Age - 15 or younger, 35 and older - increased risk of developmental disorders

Inadequate vitamins - b9
Diseases and STIs - covid - 6% babies exposed diagnosed with neurodevelopmental disorders

28
Q

Maternal emotional state

A

Depression and anxiety more common in women

Related to negative outcomes - preterm births, low birth weights, more impulse and poor attention, less grey matter, emotional and behavioural problems, impulsivity and behavioural problems (adolescence)

Why? - cortisol is a glucocorticoid - slow growth of fetus
Long term disruption of fetuses HPA axis from altered hormonal environment may lead to long term changes in how people cope with stress

29
Q

Newborn - six stages of arousal

A

Quiet sleep 8 hrs - deep sleep
Active sleep 8 hrs - rem sleep
Drowsing 1 hr
Alert awake 2.5 hrs
Active awake 2.5 hrs
Crying 2 hrs

30
Q

Crying

A

Illness, pain, hunger
Peaks around 6-8 weeks, decreased at 3-4 monotheism
Don’t shake the baby
Increasing delays in responding to crying showed improvement in sleep behaviours
Colic - inconsolable crying for months

31
Q

Nature and nurture terminology

A

Genome - complete set of organisms genes
Genotype - inherited genetic material
Phenotype - observable expression of genotype
Environment - an individuals surroundings

32
Q

Genetic and environmental influences

A

Interplay is complex

33
Q

Childs environment-child’s phenotype

A

How does parenting interact with a genotype to produce different phenotypes?
Genes expressed differently in different environments
Child maltreatment can lead to violent and antisocial adults if they have a weak form of MAO-A gene

34
Q

Capsi et al 2002

A

Young men who experienced maltreatment were in general more likely to engage in antisocial behaviour
Effect much stronger with those with an inactive MAOA gene

35
Q

Children’s phenotype - child’s environment

A

Active child theme
A child evokes certain responses from the environment

36
Q

Childs environment - Childs genotype

A

Epigenetics studies stable changes in gene expression that are mediated by the environment
Structures of genes are fixed but expression is malleable
Intergenerational transmission involves passing down epigenetic changes to offspring
Methylation silences gene expression - early life stress leads to methylation in glucocorticoid receptor gene

37
Q

Behavioural genetics

A

How variation in behaviour and development results from combination of genetic and environmental factors
Behavioural is heritable to an extent
Behavioural geneticists try to see what parts are from genes or environment - look if behaviour pattern runs in families - or if those reared together are more alike

38
Q

Twin studies

A

Set of twins share an environment - equal environment assumption
If correlation between identical twins on a trait or behaviour is higher than fraternal twins = genetic influences

39
Q

Quebec newborn twin study

A

MZ twins showed more correlation with physical aggression and expressive vocabulary

40
Q

Adoption study

A

Identical twins reared together compared to identical twins reared apart

Similarities in those reared apart in things like IQ, reaction to stress, traditionalism
May be influenced by selective placement and similarities in environments as well as genetic factors

41
Q

Neuron

A

Myelin sheath - makes reactions go faster
Synapse - where neurotransmitters are sent out
Dendrites receive information

42
Q

Myelination

A

Maturation
Fatty sheath of myelin - forms around some axons - increases speed and information processing abilities
Begins before birth and continues into early adulthood
Occurs at different rates throughout brain structure - sensory areas mature faster than prefrontal cortex

43
Q

Synaptogenesis

A

Each neuron forms synapses with thousands of other neurons resulting in the formations of trillions of connections

44
Q

Synaptic pruning

A

There’s an over abundance of synapses
Occurs at different times in different areas of the brain, not fully completed into adolescence

45
Q

Synapses elimination in adolescence

A

Grey matter increases dramatically - synaptogenesis - then declines
Last area of brain to mature is prefrontal cortex - regulates attention, impulses, foreseeing consequences, setting priorities

46
Q

Plasticity

A

Capacity of the brain to be affected by experience
Important for adapting to the environment

47
Q

Experience expectant plasticity

A

Normal wiring of brain occurs b/c of general experiences that every human will have
Brain can’t function well if these experiences don’t happen - developmental impairment like deafness or blindness

E.g. newborn with cataracts - better recovery if removed earlier as eyes will stop trying to see

48
Q

Experience dependant plasticity

A

Neural connections created and organized throughout life as a function of an individual’s experience
Animals raised in enriched environments perform better on learning tasks
Musicians demonstrate effects of experience on brain structure

49
Q

Dutch hunger winter

A

Women ate little - those in early stages of pregnancy during famine had babies of normal birth weights, but with high obesity rates - metabolism set prenatally

50
Q

Opioids

A

Highly damaging and fetuses can become addicted
Neonatal abstinence syndrome - drug withdrawal
Low birth weight, problems with breathing, feeding, seizures

51
Q

Environmental pollutants

A

Air pollution
Diets high in arctic fish
Minimata disease - methymercury poisoning - numbness in limbs, difficulty walking in straight line, vision and hearing issues, exhaustion

52
Q

Diseases

A

Rubella - if contracted early in pregnancy - deafness, blindness, intellectual disabilities
STIs dangerous to fetus - CMV herpes most common cause of congenital infection - damages CNS
HIV transmitted through birth or breast milk
Zika - can lead to microcephaly

53
Q

Interventions for healthy babies

A

Skin to skin contact decreases mortality and increases growth

54
Q

Multiple risk factors model

A

Risk factors occur together - more likely for negative outcomes
Structural racism - residential segregation

55
Q

Developmental resilience

A

Intelligence, responsiveness to others, self efficacy, responsive Carter from someone

56
Q

Parents genotype Childs genotype

A

Transmission of genetic material
Random assortment, crossing over, mutations

57
Q

Childs genotype Childs phenotype

A

Only some genes expressed
Developmental changes can turn genes off and on - then those genes turn others off and on
Gene expression is with a dominant and recessive pattern - males more likely to have sex linked inherited disorder as they don’t have a second X chromosome with a dominant gene to suppress recessive ones

58
Q

Heritability

A

Estimate of how much phenotypic variance is attributable to genetic differences
Applies to populations - 50% means for the population studied, 50% of variance is due to genetics - not that 50% of an individuals trait is due to= genetics

59
Q

Molecular genetics research designs

A

Examine DNA sequences to identify mechanisms that link genes and behaviour

60
Q

Genome wide association studies

A

Used in attempts to link multiple DNA segments with a certain trait

61
Q

Genome wide complex trait analysis

A

Makes it possible to tease apart aspects of gene and environment confounded within families - such as SES as it is shared by twins

62
Q

Weeks + common site of birth defects

A

3 - heart, CNS
4-5 - heart, eye, arm, leg
6 - ear, brain
7 - ear, brain, palate
8 - ear, external genitalia
12 - external genitalia
After - brain

63
Q

Most likely effects between weeks 3-8

A

Major structural abnormalities

64
Q

Most common defects weeks 9-38

A

Physiological defects and minor structural abnormalities

65
Q

If a study isn’t replicated it could be due to

A

Cultural context
Chance
Malpractice

66
Q

Naturalistic vs structured observation

A

Naturalistic - Children’s activities in one or more everyday settings are observered

Structured - children are brought to a lab and presented pre arranged tasks

PSYC 250 (14 decks)

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