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I&I WC1 > Organ-specific immunity: GUT - Anatomy > Flashcards

Organ-specific immunity: GUT - Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Name three distinctive features of the mucosal immune system

A
  • Anatomical feature
  • Effector mechanism
  • Immunoregulatory environment
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2
Q

Where can you find mucosal tissue?

A

Lung and gut

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3
Q

Where can you find epithelial tissues?

A
  • Lung
  • Gut
  • Vagina
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4
Q

Name three anatomical features of the mucosal immune system

A
  • Interaction mucosal epithelia and lymphoid tissue
  • Discrete compartments lymphoid tissue/organized structures such as PP
  • Specialized antigen-uptake mechanisms
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5
Q

What is special about the lymph nodes in the gut?

A

Lymph nodes are quite far out–> cells have to travel far

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6
Q

What is an example of the specialized antigen-uptake in the gut?

A

M cells –> allow for selective uptake of antigens

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7
Q

Name two effector mechanisms of the mucosal immune system

A
  • Activated/memory T cells predominate even without infection
  • Memory T cells have a slightly more activated phenotype
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8
Q

Name two examples of the immunoregulatory environment of the mucosal immune system

A
  • Active down regulation of immune responses predominates
  • Inhibitory macrophages and tolerance inducing DCs
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9
Q

Why do the memory T cells have a slightly more activated phenotype?

A

Lamina Propria is full of memory cells, which are needed to respond to the exterior

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10
Q

What is the function of Tregs?

A

Maintaining tolerance to harmless exogenous antigens

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11
Q

Name the intestinal segments of the small intestine

A
  • Stomach
  • Duodenum
  • Jejunum
  • Ileum
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12
Q

What is the function of the stomach?

A

Stores, stirs and mixes food with gastric juices it secretes before emptying it into the duodenum

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13
Q

What is the function of the duodenum?

A

Anterior section of small intestine; secretions from liver and pancreas are added

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14
Q

What is the function of the jejunum?

A

Middle section of small intestine; majority of nutrients are absorbed here

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15
Q

What is the ileum?

A

Terminal part of small intestine

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16
Q

What are the intestinal segments of the colon?

A
  • Cecum
  • Vermiform appendix
  • Ascending colon
  • Transverse colon
  • Descending colon
  • Sigmoid colon
  • Rectum
  • Anus
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17
Q

What is the function of the cecum?

A

Anterior part of the large intestine, receives food particles from the ileum

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18
Q

How is the gastric acid from the stomach neutralized in the duodenum?

A

By glands that make alkaline substances

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19
Q

What is the function of the vermiform appendix?

A

Tubular extension of the cecum; blinde darm

Vermiform appendix doesn’t really serve a purpose anymore

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20
Q

What is the function of the ascending colon?

A

First segment of the colon; absorbs water from food residues before it is secreted

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21
Q

What is the function of the transverse colon?

A

Second segment of the colon. Right colon mainly enables absorption of water

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22
Q

Which segments of the colon form the right colon?

A
  • Ascending colon
  • 1/2 of the transverse colon
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23
Q

What is the function of the descending colon?

A

Third segment of the colon; stores waste before elimination

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24
Q

What is the function of the sigmoid colon?

A

Fourth segment of the colon; carrier waste to rectum

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25
Q

What is the rectum?

A

Terminal section of large intestine preceding the anus

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26
Q

What is the function of the anus?

A

Terminal orifice of the digestive tube controlled by a sphincter enabling ejection of fecal matter

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27
Q

Which parts of the colon are involved in excretion of fecal matter?

A
  • Sigmoid colon
  • Rectum
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28
Q

What is the function of tight junctions in the gut?

A

Zipper between cells to make sure there is really a barrier to the exterior

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29
Q

Where are the majority of the nutrients absorbed in the intestine?

A

Jejunum

30
Q

Where can we find the lymphoid structures in the gut?

A

Peyers Patches

31
Q

Where are the Peyers Patches situated?

A

Directly underneath the epithelium

32
Q

How do DCs and T- and B cells interact with each other in the Peyers Patches?

A

DCs migrate to T cell area within the patch to initiate a T cell response and subsequently a B cell response in the B cell area

33
Q

What makes Peyers patches different from colonic patches?

A

PP have an organized structure of T- and B cell areas

34
Q

Which immune cells are present in the other parts of the lamina propria?

A

Memory T- and B cells, macrophages, monocytes and DCs

35
Q

Why are the immune cells in the lamina propria of the different parts of the intestine different from each other?

A

They are adapted to the sight they are in

36
Q

What does IEL mean?

A

Intra-epithelial lymphocytes

37
Q

Where are IEL situated?

A

In between the epithelial cells of the small intestine

38
Q

What is the function of IEL?

A

Barrier function of the epithelium

39
Q

Where do the lymphatics of the lamina propria drain to?

A

Mesenteric LNs

40
Q

Will all the mucosal tissue see the same type of antigen?

A

No.

41
Q

What type of antigens travel through the small intestine?

A
  • Food proteins
  • Bacteria
42
Q

What can said about the overall bacterial load and diversity of bacteria in the small intestine?

A

Both are lower

43
Q

What type of antigens travel through the large intestine?

A

Bacteria

44
Q

Which part of the small intestine already contains a higher bacterial load and increased diversity?

A

Ileum

45
Q

Which part of the intestine contains the highest bacterial load and diversity?

A

Colon

46
Q

Histology: characteristics of the duodenum (2)

A
  • High leaf-like villi
  • Brunner glands in submucosae
47
Q

What is the function of these Brunner glands?

A

Anti-acid function

48
Q

Histology: characteristics of the jejunum (4)

A

-High folds
- High villi that decrease in height closer to the ileum
- Crypts become deeper closer to the ileum
- No glands

49
Q

Histology: characteristics of the ileum (3)

A
  • Fewer to no folds
  • Villi decrease in length
  • Increasing lymphoid tissue
50
Q

Histology: characteristics of the colon (4)

A
  • No folds
  • No villi
  • Deep crypts
  • Lymphoid follicles
51
Q

Why do we have high leaf-like villi and folds in the duodenum and part of the jejunum?

A

Surface enlargement for nutrient uptake

52
Q

Why does the colon not have villi?

A

No surface enlargement is needed

53
Q

Why do you need muscle in the intestine?

A

Peristaltic movement

54
Q

How long does regeneration from crypt to tip of the villus take?

A

36h

55
Q

How long does it take to renew the epithelium of the whole GI-tract?

A

2-4 days

56
Q

To what does the term ‘lamina propria’ refer to?

A

All the tissue that’s under the epithelial layer except for the PP

57
Q

What are crypts?

A

Basis of where the villus starts to form (sites where you have the stem cells of the epithelium)

58
Q

Why do we have microvilli?

A

To avoid direct attachment of bacteria to the epithelium

59
Q

True or false: “If you don’t see regularity of the crypts , something is totally off in the intestine”

A

True. The crypts need to be very well organized in the colon

60
Q

What is happening in the colon if you don’t see regularity of the crypts?

A

Tissue distruction

61
Q

What are the subtypes of the epithelial cells in the intestine? (2)

A
  • Goblet cells
  • Paneth cells
62
Q

Where can you find paneth cells?

A

Only in the small intestinal crypts

63
Q

Whatis the function of goblet cells?

A

Mucus production

64
Q

What structure can be found in paneth cells and what is their function?

A

Granules filled with anti-microbial substances –> keep the crypt clean of bacteria

65
Q

What is an unique feature of paneth cells opposed to other epithelial cells?

A

Paneth cells can sense what is seen to activate TLR/PRR if it can’t get rid of it itself

66
Q

What tissues are included in GALT?

A

Tissue directly under the epithelium:
- Peyers patch
- Colonic patch
- Isolate lymphoid follicles

67
Q

Do mesenteric LNs fall under the associated-lymph node tissue nomenclature?

A

No. They are just lymph nodes

68
Q

What is the function of the dome area in the PP?

A

Contains the DCs, picks up antigens –> migration to the T cell area

69
Q

Which cells are mainly present in the dome area of the PP?

A

Phagocytes, DCs

70
Q

What is meant with ‘regional adaptation of lymph nodes’?

A
71
Q
A

I&I WC1 (25 decks)

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