Ear and Nose Microbiome Flashcards
What physiological factors influence our microbiome?
-Inhaled particles >10µm are deposited in the URT
-There is a pH gradient
-Partial pressures of O2 and CO2 have opposite gradients
-The majority of the increase in relative humidity and temperature occur in the nasal cavity
What host and environmental factors influence our microbiome?
-Birth mode
-Feeding type
-Siblings
-Day-care
-Season
-Vaccination
-Infection
-Antibiotics
-Smoking
How does infection with Influenza A influence our microbiome?
Increases nasal carriage of S. pneumoniae and S.aureus
What are the adenoids?
Lymphoid glands present during development but disappear as we enter adulthood
What are the adenoids important for?
Important for the immune system
What is the function of the adenoids?
Contains leukocytes which produce IgA, IgG, IgM antibodies and T-cells involved in cellular immunity
Are adenoids a reservoir for bacteria or viruses?
Bacteria
Do the adenoids have a biofilm?
Yes
Adenoidectomy is an effective treatment for which condition?
Otitis Media with Effusion
What is adenoidectomy?
-Removal of the bacterial reservoir
-Removal of physical obstructions of Eustachian tube
What common pathogens are present in the upper respiratory tract microbiome?
-Haemophilus spp.
-Streptococcus spp.
-Moraxella spp.
-Neisseria spp.
What common commensals are present in the upper respiratory tract microbiome?
-Corynebacterium spp.
-Dolosigrenulim spp.
What is found in a healthy ear microbiome?
-Cutibacterium acnes
-Staphylococcus auricularis
-Staphylococcus capitas
-Malassezia spp. (fungus)
What is found in an otitis media ear microbiome?
-Pseudomonas aerugonosa
-Staphylococcus aureus
-Unknown spp.
Aspergillius sp. (fungus)
At birth, the URT is colonised by what?
-Maternal skin
-Vaginal microbiome
