Lecture 1: The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Define physiology ?

A

The study of normal function of living organisms
Function

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2
Q

Define anatomy?

A

The study of the body & how its parts are arranged
Structure

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3
Q

Wnat are the 4 main types of tissues?

A

Nervous tissue
Muscle tissue
Connective tissues
Epithelial tissues

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4
Q

Define nervous system?

A

A constellation of cells (neurons&glia) that are organised into functional neural circuits permit in (complex) neural control of an animals physiology & behaviour

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5
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the nervous system?

A

1.) Central nervous system: brain & spinal cord
2.) peripheral nervous system
- autonomic nervous system:involuntary ( enteric NS
- somatic nervous system: motor voluntary control

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6
Q

What are the 2 main types of cells?

A

1.) neurons: functional units of NS
2.) non-neuronal cells glia (or neuroglia): Astrocyte’s, oligodendrocytes, microglia & ependymal cells

Neurons communicate info from sensors to CNS store & integrate information, communicate commands to muscle to glands.
Gia support neurons modulate neuronal signalling insulate neuronal process: providing immunesystem

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7
Q

What are the 2 primary function s of neurons?

A

1.) rapid transmission of information from specific sources to selected targets: done via action potential
2.) the integration of information / electrical activity from many sources

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8
Q

StructureI anatomy of neurons?

A

Dendrites: receive information from other neurons “convergence”
Axon: transmits information to other neurons or non-neuronal cells ( e.gsmuscles)

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9
Q

Basic structure of neurons?

A

Cell body (soma)
Dendrites
Axon terminal
Axon
Most neurons have 1 axon but con result in many axon terminals

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10
Q

Do neurons have wide variety of forms?

A

Yes -→ morphology reflecting diff functionalities
2 neuronal types from brain:
→ purkinje cells
→ pyramidal cells

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11
Q

2 types of glia?

A

Microglia: phagocytes cells → clean up after cellular damage
Macroglia: support & modulate the functions of neurons
Are motile ( more around environment)
First & major immune defense mechanism

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12
Q

Define macroglia?

A

Support and modulate the functions of neurons

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13
Q

Define astrocyte?

A

Support function for CNS neurons, contribute to the protective blood brain barrier (bbb), regulation of neurotransmitter modulation of neuronal activity

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14
Q

Define oligo dendrocytes?

A

From myelin sheath around neuronal axons in CNS
→ each oligodendrocytes can myelinate - 40 axons
→ each Schwann cell myelinate a section - I axon

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15
Q

Define ependymal cells ?

A

Specialised epithelial cells found in fluid-filled spaces of brain ventricles & central canal of the spinalcord
Produce & circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
posses microvinli which help circulate CSF around the CNS

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16
Q

How does CNS develop?

A

From embryonic neural tube,
Anterior end of neural tube → folds & swells becoming.the major divisions of the brain.
3 expanded regions = become apparent the forebrain, midbrain & hindbrain
Remainder → (posterior end) of the tube becomes spinal cord

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17
Q

What are the 3 main regions of the brain?

A

Forebrain: (prosencaphaton): cerebral hemisphere thalamus
Midbrain: (mesencephalon) superior & inferior collicular
Hindbrain: irhombsephalon cerebellum,pons medulla

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18
Q

Localisation of functions in human brain?

A

Brocá’s area: initiates grammatical speech

19
Q

What is functional magnetic resonance imaging?

A

Detecting the functional activity of different brain areas
Indication of neural activity as measured via changes in oxygenated blood flow
More active more blood flow to that area

20
Q

what does fmri tell us ?

A

gives us an indication of neural activity measured through oxygenated blood flow :more active more blood flow to that area

21
Q

What is grey matter ?

A

contains larger number of cell bodies
distributed throughout he CNS ;discrete regions (nuclei

22
Q

what is a white matter ?

A

large number of myelinated nerve fibres/axons

23
Q

what does the PNS transmit ?

A

signals between CNS and receptors/effectors
nerves connect CNS to various parts of the body/periphery:
PNS consists both cranial nerves-(12 )connnects PNS to brain

24
Q
A
25
Q

What is the spinal nerve?

A

Basic organisational pattern of the body is that of a series of segments.
31 pairs
→ cervical spinal nerve (8) [neck, shoulders arms, hands)
→thoracic
→ lumbar
→ sacral
Coccygeal

26
Q

How does the cross section of the spinal cord?

A

Repeating pattern:
Sensory (afferent) neuron axons form the dorsal roots of each succeeding segmental nerve;
Exiting (motor) efferent neurons form the ventral roots of each succeeding segmental nerve
??? May have to reword.

27
Q

Define reflexes?

A

A behavioural or physiological response that does not require conscious information processing: is autonomic
( involuntary reaction)
Spinal reflexes: convert afferrent input → efferent output without brain centres.

28
Q

What is monosynoptic?

A

2 neurons involved

29
Q

What is poly synaptic?

A

More then 3 neurons

30
Q

what does the efferent(motor) division of the PNS consist of ?

A

somatic (motor) nervous system-efferent intervention to skeletal( voluntary control )
controlling muscles of locomotion-movement, speech, breathing-sensory also
ANS-efferent innervation to tissues other than skeletal muscle (largely involuntary )

31
Q

Difference between the SNS and ANS between CNS and effector?

A

the no of neurons
SNS: 1 neuron connects CNS directly with effector muscle
ANS:2 neurons connect the CNS to effector target
1st-preganglionic neuron and 2nd:postganglionic neuron

32
Q

What are the 3 anatomically and functionally distinct parts ?

A

Sympathetic: Fight/flight
Parasympathetic: Rest/digest
—>these 2 have antagonistic effects in muscles, glands etc.
Enteric : autonomous nervous system (ENS)
second brain :2 nervous plexuses involved in gastrointestinal activity
Myenteric plexus :regulates motor activity
Submucosal plexus: regulates secretomotor activity

33
Q

slide 43 / lecture 1

A
34
Q

slide 45 ?

A
35
Q

define preganglionic neurons ?

A
36
Q

define postganglionic neuron ?

A
37
Q

what is the function of the adrenal medulla ganglion ?

A

autonomic ganglion of sympathetic division

38
Q

what is a noradrenergic neurons ?

A

preganglionic and postganglionic

39
Q

what are the neurotransmitters of sympathetic and parasympathetic respectively ?

A

-sympa &para PREGANGLIONIC = both CHOLINERGIC –>use Acetylcholine
- sympa POSTGANGLIONIC =mostly ADRENERGIC —>use noradrenaline/Norepinephrine
some use ACH:innervating nerve glands
some release co-transmitters (ATP,dopamine,neuropeptides)
-Para POSTGANGLIONIC= CHOLINERGIC use ACh
some use NA

40
Q

How does Ach act on postganglionic neurons ?

A

ACH acts on nictinic gated Ach receptors on post ganglionic neurons in automatic ganglia
-ligand gated ion channels ;when Ach binds ,channels open allowing influx of Na+ and K+ ions
eliciting fast changes in the membrane electric potential

41
Q
A
42
Q

How can sympathetic & parasympathetic divisions be distinguished?

A

1.) anatomy organisation
2.) neurotransmitter
3.) actions (downstreams)

43
Q

What is antagonist control of involuntary functions ?

A

Heart rate
Blood flow
Respiration
Digestive activities
I

44
Q

What is the main division of the ans?

A

The ens → capable of sustaining the motility of GI tract in absence of input from the CNS
Contains rich, local interconnections between efferent & efferent & interneurons found in gut -wall.
Responds to stretch & chemical compositions