Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Drugs & Behaviour > Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Psychopharmacology?

A

The study of how drugs interact with the brain and their effects on behaviour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What legal drug is lethal upon contact in it’s purest form?

A

Nicotine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which 2 drugs, 1 legal & 1 illegal, both work identically?

A

Morphine & heroin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What legal OTC medication can cause life-threatening liver failure when paired with alcohol?

A

Tylenol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What legal OTC medication shares categorical properties with Ketamine & PCP?

A

Robotussin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

A compound to treat heart problems has been derived from what plant?

A

Foxglove (causes heart failure as a plant)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

T/F: Substances derived from natural sources are safer.

A

FALSE!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a drug?

A

A non-nutritive substance that is taken into the body and produces a specific change by binding to a receptor or target site.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Interaction between receptor and drugs is called ____

A

Drug Action

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is alcohol classified as?

A

Food, it is energy-giving.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name 1 CNS stimulant

A

(any of) amphetamine, cocaine, nicotine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name 1 CNS depressant

A

(there are many) Alcohol, barbituates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Name 1 analgesic

A

(opiates of all kinds) morphine, codeine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Name 1 hallucinogen

A

Mescaline (norepinergic), LSD (synthetic), psilocybin (magic mushrooms)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a psychotherapeutic drug?

A

General category for drugs used to treat mental illness (prozac, thorazine)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an example of a semisynthetic form of opium?

A

(any of) Heroin, hydromorphone, oxycodone, etorphine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is an example of a synthetic form of opium?

A

(any of) Pentazocine, meperidine, fentanyl, methadone, LAAM, propoxyphene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is an example of an endogenous (made within the body) opioid?

A

Enkephalins, endorphins, dynorphins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does a drug move through the body (4 steps)?

A
  1. Administration
  2. Absorption/distribution
  3. Binding
  4. Metabolism/elimination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are some common ways to administer drugs?

A

Oral (p.o.), Rectal/vaginal (suppositories), Inhalation, Oral-nasal mucosal, Topical (creams, etc.), Parenteral injection (outside or around digestive tract), Intravenous (IV), Intramuscular (IM), Subcutaneous, Intraperitoneal, Epidural, Intracerebroventricular (research/surgical use)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

T/F: The method of administration has no relation to how absorption or distribution will carry out.

A

FALSE!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

If an individual would like their drug effects to begin rapidly, how/where would they administer?

A

Closer to left side of heart = faster to brain, inhalation is fastest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What factors influence absorption?

A

Drug chemistry (solubility/ability to penetrate membranes), First Pass Effect (metabolism/liver), Bound Vs. Free drug, Individual differences in physiology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How might a drug be distributed?

A

Have to cross at least 1 selective barrier; may have to bind to carrier proteins in blood; May be sequestered in “depots” (not active sites, may be released at a later time); many require conversion to be lipid-soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The blood brain barrier’s capillaries:

A

are almost impermeable, surrounded by astrocytes, require carrier-mediated or lipid-solubility for substances to cross

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is induction (liver)?

A

Drug makes liver produce more enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is inhibition (liver)?

A

Enzyme needed to metabolize drug is blocked

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Which family of enzymes all seem to have a role in drug metabolism?

A

Cytochrome P450

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What is biotransformation?

A

Getting things out of the body. As liver metabolises, drugs turned into water soluble form to pass through Bowman’s capsule and kidneys for excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What is a half life?

A

t1/2 - the time it takes for half of the drug to be distributed or eliminated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the two primary mechanisms of drug action?

A
  1. Act as neuromodulators
  2. mimic or block effect of the released transmitter by directly influencing receptors
32
Q

How does an agonist act?

A

Mimic or potentiate the actions of neurotransmitters by fitting into the same receptor, potentiating release, blocking reuptake

33
Q

How does an antagonist act?

A

Block or decrease action of neurotransmission by b locking a receptor, blocking synthesis, speeding up metabolism

34
Q

How do we measure the pharmacodynamic action of a drug?

A

Dose-response relationships

35
Q

If a dose-response curve is futher right, you need ______ (more/less) drug to achieve desired effect

A

More

36
Q

What 3 indices of information does a dose-response curve give us?

A
  1. Potency
  2. Efficacy
  3. Therapeutic index (drug safety)
37
Q

What is competitive receptor binding?

A

Competition for the same binding site as a transmitter

38
Q

What is non-competitive receptor binding?

A

Drug binds to site that is not the same as transmitter, effect of drug modulated

39
Q

In the case of morphine, what does naloxone do?

A

Causes dose-response curve to shift to the right because naloxone is sitting on receptor. Therefore, more morphine is needed to produce same effect

40
Q

The green pepper model refers to:

A

Ionotropic receptors - can affect cell quickly and change membrane potential

41
Q

T/F: Metabotropic receptors don’t necessarily change membrane potential, they do set off long chain of events

A

True!

42
Q

This type of cell is important for the breakdown of glutamate and GABA

A

Glial

43
Q

What are some ways a drug targets the synapse?

A
  • can serve as precursor to neurotransmitter (NT)
  • can inhibit NT synthesis, depleting levels in whole brain
  • prevent storage in vesicles
  • stimulate or inhibit release of NT
  • stimulate/block postsynaptic receptors
  • stimulate auto-receptors (decrease in release)
  • block auto-receptors (no feedback to neuron)
  • inhibit degradation
  • block reuptake
44
Q

What transmitter system is affected by Deadly Nightshade?

A

Acetylcholine

45
Q

Where does acetylcholine come from?

A

Made endogenously in the liver, derived from diet (part of B vitamin family)

46
Q

What are some effects of Acetylcholine (ACh)?

A
  • dry mouth
  • controls exocrine glands
  • works on all body systems in peripheral nervous system
  • Run parasympathetic nervous system
  • promotes arousal in both sexes
47
Q

What is the life cycle of ACh in a general cholinergic synapse?

A
  • made in terminal
  • packed into vesicles
  • classic system of release and reuptake
  • not taken back into cell whole, broken into choline and acetate, choline is taken back up
48
Q

What is included in the monoamine transmitter group?

A
  • Catecholamines: dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (EPI)
  • Indoleamines: serotonin, melatonin
49
Q

How are the catecholamines related?

A

Through their synthesis, can’t make NE or EPI without DA

50
Q

Synthesis of NE:

A

Tyrosine -> DOPA -> DA -> NE

51
Q

What enzyme is required for NE to become EPI

A

Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT)

52
Q

Dopamine is responsible for:

A

Movement and motivation

53
Q

How does the catecholamine synapse work?

A
  1. DOPA (crosses blood-brain barrier) -> DA -> vesicular monamine transporter
  2. D1, D3, D5 receptors decrease release/firing rate = inhibitory effect
  3. D2, D4 receptors have enzyme in membrane = still inhibitory
  4. DA vesicles have active zone-like release sit, can be released all along cell
54
Q

How does a D2 receptor work?

A

When DA or D2 agonist enter D2 receptor, activates inhibitory G protein, neg. effect on adenylyl cyclase, inhibitory

55
Q

How does a D1 receptor work?

A

When DA or D1 agonist enter, activate excitatory G protein, activates adenylyl cyclase = excitatory

56
Q

What are some functions of NE?

A
  • widely affect cortex including hippocampus and spinal chord
  • controls many aspects of cerebellar function
  • involved in arousal
  • rest = inhibited activity
  • waking up & bringin in sensory stimuli = excited
  • major transmitter of sympathetic nervous system (makes you anxious and want to GO!)
57
Q

NE receptors:

A
  • are metabotropic and occur in two families (alpha and beta)
  • are widepsread throughout the brain and other body tissues
  • share mechanisms with multiple other transmitters
58
Q

What is the obligatory precursor of all indoleamines?

A

Tryptophan

59
Q

_____ is the rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of all indoleamines

A

Tryptophan hydroxylase

60
Q

How is serotonin synthesized?

A

L-Tryptophan -> 5-HTP -> 5-HT (serotonin)

61
Q

How is tryptophan regulated?

A

Diet. Tryptophan can pass tghrough blood-brain barrier, but large amino acids (proteins) will compete for access

62
Q

Where is melatonin made?

A

Pineal gland

63
Q

What is the obligatory precursor for melatonin?

A

Serotonin (5-HT)

64
Q

You would need to cut out all fermented food when taking a drug that effects this system

A

Monoamine oxidase (MAO) - metabolises all monoamines

65
Q

MAO is the sole metabolic enzyme for _____

A

5-HT (serotonin)

66
Q

Excitatory amino acid transmitters include:

A

Glutamate and aspartate

67
Q

inhibitory amino acid transmitters include:

A

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine

68
Q

Learning and memory relies on this forward stimulus

A

Glutamate

69
Q

T/F: Glutamate is highly neurotoxic and many agonists that are found in nature can produce brain damage

A

True

70
Q

Ketamine and PCP act on these receptors:

A

glutamate

71
Q

Glutamate synthesis:

A

Glutamine + H2O + ATP -> Glutamate + NH4 + ADP + PO4(3-)

72
Q

Where is glutamate synthesized?

A

In astrocyte, don’t have same properties as neuron so they don’t die

73
Q

What happens to glutamine in the synapse?

A
  1. glutamine enters cell, is immediately transformed into glutamate and released
  2. lots of variety in ion channel and metabotropic receptors
  3. excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT3) clears glujtamate out of synapse
74
Q

How is GABA made?

A

Gluatamte + glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) -> GABA

75
Q

The NMDA receptor:

A

Works only when certain conditions are met:
- will bond with glutamate only if glycine is present
- requires membrane depolarization to move Mg block
- sodium and calcium allowed into cell

Drugs & Behaviour (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions