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social psychology > 10 - personality & individual differences > Flashcards

10 - personality & individual differences Flashcards

1
Q

what is the dark triad?

A

constellation of 3 socially undesirable personality traits:
- narcissism
- machiavellianism
- psychopathy

maladaptive but still within normal range of functioning (sub-clinical)
(Paulhus & Williams)

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2
Q

where does the term narcissism come from?

A

myth of narcissus

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3
Q

what is narcissism?

A

a grandiose, yet fragile sense of self, as well as a preoccupation with success and demands for admiration

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4
Q

what is machiavellianism?

A

a strategy of social conduct that involves manipulating others for personal gain, often against the other’s self-interest

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5
Q

features of machiavellianism

A

engage in unethical and counterproductive behaviours (lying, theft, sabotage)

possess cynical view of human nature

demonstrate little concern for others

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6
Q

what is psychopathy?

A

a drive to engage in impulsive or antisocial behaviour without empathy, anxiety or remorse

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7
Q

traits of psychopathy

A

impulsivity and thrill-seeking, engage in risky behaviours without consideration for consequences

callousness and consistent lack of empathy

lack of emotional bonds, no guilt or remorse

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8
Q

how is narcissism measured?

A
  • narcissistic personality inventory
  • 40 forced-choice items
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9
Q

how is machiavellianism measured?

A
  • mach IV
  • 20 items
  • 7-point likert scale (totally disagree - totally agree)
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10
Q

how is psychopathy measured?

A
  • self-report psychopathy (SPR-III)
  • 64 items
  • 5-point likert scale (strongly disagree - strongly agree)
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11
Q

criticism of measure of narcism

A

overreliance on the measure (used in 77% of studies of narcism)

largely focuses on the ‘grandiose’ aspect of narcissism

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12
Q

criticism of measure of machiavellianism

A

psychometric problems with scale

lack of agreement on number of subscales comprising this measure

poor internal consistency

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13
Q

criticisms of measure of psychopathy

A

lack of consensus concerning what subclinical psychopathy is and how it differs from clinical psychopathy

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14
Q

what can be used to measure all 3 dark triad traits?

A

questionnaires:
1. dirty dozen (12 items, 4 per dimension

  1. short dark triad (27 items, 9 per dimension)
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15
Q

criticisms of the dirty dozen

A

4 items not enough to capture nuances

convergent validity was assessed by comparing DD subscales with established measures of each sub scale (Mach IB, SRP-II, NPI)

SRP-III correlated stronger with machiavellianism at 0.44 than the DD psychopathy sub scale - not drawing distinctions between traits

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16
Q

evaluation of the short dark triad

A

+ve: more items in each sub scale to better represent each dimensions

-ve: factor analysis studies have repeatedly failed to reproduce a three-factor structure. machiavellianism and psychopathy often cluster into a single factor

17
Q

evidence that narcissism is increasing

A

Twenge et al studies how narcissism scores changed over time in college students

NPI scores were 30% higher in most recent cohort compared to first cohort (1982) - particularly among women

18
Q

why might there be a rise in narcissism?

A

social media: higher amounts of visual social media use associated with higher levels of narcissism (not non-visual forms)

parenting styles: parental overvaluation predicted child narcissism (not self-esteem)

19
Q

what are the big five personality traits?

A

OCEAN
Openness
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism

20
Q

how are dark triad traits correlated with the big five

A

all negatively associated with agreeableness and conscientiousness

narcissism positively associated with extraversion and openness

20
Q

what are criticisms of the dark triad?

A

independent traits or a single construct?
- unification hypothesis: strong positive intercorrelations
- uniqueness hypothesis: different associations with other traits and outcomes

3 traits not enough to capture dark side of human nature, should include sadism in dark tetrad

21
Q

what is the light triad?

A

qualities that embody a loving and beneficent orientation toward others

3 traits:
- kantianism
- humanism
- faith in humanity

22
Q

what is kantianism?

A

trading people as ends unto themselves, not mere means

23
Q

what is humanism?

A

valuing the dignity and worth of each individual

24
Q

what is faith in humanity?

A

believing in the fundamental goodness of humans

25
Q

what is the question that guided the light triad scale?

A

what would an everyday loving and beneficent orientation toward others look like that is in direct contrast to the everyday antagonistic orientation of those scoring high on dark traits?

26
Q

what are criticisms of light triad scale?

A
  • social desirability bias
  • new scale so lack of evidence for cross-cultural validity
27
Q
A

social psychology (8 decks)

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