Protists

Question 1

Hypothesis for start of Eukaryotes

Answer 1

Ancestral Prokaryote > membrane infolding for nucleus and endomem system > swallow aerobic bacterium, become mitochondria > Eukaryote. > swallow photosynthetic bact., become plastid

Question 2

Proof endosimbiosis cause mitochondria and chloroplast/plastids

Answer 2

Mito and plast have circular DNA, own ribosomes, enzymes and transport systems homo to bacteria, replicate similar to bacteria, double membrane.

Question 3

What organims do protists include?

Answer 3

Most unicellular but some colonial and multicell. Simple organisms but complex cells. Some have unique organelles to Eukaryotes.

Question 4

Why was Kingdom Protista abandoned?

Answer 4

Some protists are closer related to plants/fungi/animals than other protists.

Question 5

Protists cell structure, modes of nutrition, and types of reproduction?

Answer 5

Complex cell structure, some have contracting vacuoles.
Phototrophs, heterotrophs, mixotrophs (mix of photo and hetero).
Asexual and sexual.

Question 6

Euglebozoa: What nutritional modes to euglenids have?

Answer 6

Predatory heterotrophs
Photosynthetic autotrophs
Parasites
Many species are mixotrophs

Question 7

Euglena distinct characteristics

Answer 7

Pocket at end of cell where 1 or 2 flagella emerge.
Rod in flagella.
Pellicile (protien band beneath membrane allows change of shape).
Light detector at base of flagellum

Question 8

Euglena clade and clade group

Answer 8

Euglenozoa
Excavata

Question 9

Paramecium clade and clade group

Answer 9

Cillates
SAR

Question 10

Distinct features of Paramecium?

Answer 10

Cilia to move and feed.
Predatory hetorotrophs.
Oral groove for phagocytosis
Two types of nuclei (micronuclei and macronuclei)
Contractile vacuole
Pellicile (thick skin?)

Question 11

Structure that lets paramecium move and feed?

Answer 11

Cilia, arranged in rows or tufts

Question 12

Paramecium two nuclei uses?

Answer 12

Micro: Exchange DNA for sexual reproduction
Macro: used to make RNA and protiens.

Question 13

Brown alge clade and clade group

Answer 13

Brown alge
SAR

Question 14

Why are brown alge protists unique?

Answer 14

Sime of most important Photosynthetic organisms.
Most large and complex, multicellular.
Marine environments.
“Seaweeds”
Autotrophic
Color due to carotenoids in plastids.

Question 15

Land plants are decended from…

Answer 15

Green algae

Question 16

Red algae and green algae clade group

Answer 16

Archaeplastida

Question 17

Red algae features

Answer 17

Most common large algae I costal waters of tropics.
Usually multicellular.
No flaggellated stages during life cycles.
Red color due to phycoerythrin that masks chrolophyll.
Lives in deeper waters than other Photosynthetic eukaryotes.

Question 18

Green algae features.

Answer 18

Chloroplasts similar to plants.
Two main groups (Chlorophyll and Charophyceans).
Mostly in fresh water.
Unicellular, colonial, and multicellular forms.

Question 19

Green alge two maim groups, which one closer to plants?

Answer 19

Chlorophyll and Charophyceans.
Charophyceans.

Question 20

Amoeba characteristics

Answer 20

Lobe or tube-shaped pseudopodia.
Amoebas include free-living and parasitic species.
Most ate heterotrophs.
Use pseudopodia to feed.
Eat bacteria and protists, some eat detritus.

Question 21

Slime moulds

Answer 21

Thought to be fungi in past.
Plasmodial and cellular slime molds.
Aggregates during food scarcity and to form fruiting bodies.
Phagocytosis food from decomposing material.

Question 22

Plasmodial slime molds

Answer 22

Often brightly pigmented.
Giant mass with many nuclei but not multicellular.
Cytoplasmic streaming to distribute food and oxygen.

Question 23

Cellular slime molds

Answer 23

Forms multicellular aggregates, still separated by cell membranes.
Each cell stays separate by membrane and feeds individually.

Question 24

Protist role in Biosphere.

Answer 24

Symbiotic protists: helps termites eat wood. Helps coral
Photosynthetic: Coverts light into organic compounds. Foundation of food webs. Main producer in aquatic communities.