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Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology > Cells and Tissues > Flashcards

Cells and Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What are eukaryotic cells?

A

Cells which have visibly evident nuclei and organelles

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2
Q

DNA contained within…

A

…a nucleus and mitochondria - contained within bundles (chromosomes ) in a membrane bound nucleus

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3
Q

Eukaryotic cells reproduce by…

A

…Mitosis and meiosis

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4
Q

Cells can be specialised to…

A

…certain functions.

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5
Q

Cells are grouped into…

A

…specialised tissues.

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6
Q

Cells are the basic living units of…

A

…all animals

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7
Q

Most biochemical reactions that sustain life…

A

…take place inside cells.

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8
Q

Plasma membrane typically made up of…

A

…phospholipid bilayer and protein molecules which are partially or wholly embedded within it.

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9
Q

Phospholipids contain hydrophillic head which…

A

…attracts water (water soluble) and hydrophobic tails which repel water.

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10
Q

Main types of hormones are

A

…lipid soluble and water soluble

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11
Q

The plasma membrane seperates the …

A

…internal and external environment of the cell

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12
Q

The plasma membrane contains and protects…

A

…cell contents

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13
Q

The plasma membrane regulates the passage of …

A

…molecules in and out of the cells via passive diffusion and osmosis and transmembrane protein channels and transporters and endocytosis and exocytosis, in addition to many other functions.

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14
Q

Extracellular = ?

A

outside the cell

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15
Q

Intracellular = ?

A

inside of the cell.

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16
Q

The shape of the red blood cell is

A

bi-concave

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17
Q

Cytoplasm is clear fluid which…

A

…fills most of the cell volume

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18
Q

Cytoplasma maintains…

A

…cell shape

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19
Q

Cytoplasm stores…

A

chemicals for cellular metabolism

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20
Q

What does the cytoplasm contain

A

Contains ions and RNA and soluble macromolecules (such as proteins enzymes), and Salts

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21
Q

Whats the cytosol?

A

aqueous part of the cytoplasm, within which various particles and organelles are suspended

…is therefore the fluid portion of the cytoplasma exclusive of organelles and membranes

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22
Q

Typical pH of cytosol is…

A

…7.0 - 7.4

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23
Q

Cytosol makes up…

A

…70% of the total volume of a typical cell

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24
Q

Cytosol is made up of…

A

…water and ions

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25
Q

Difference between cytosol and cytoplasm?

A
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26
Q

Cytoskeleton is comprises…

A

…protein filaments and microtubules that criss-cross the cell from membrane to membrane

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27
Q

Cytoskeleton aids…

A

…cell shape, cell motion, intracellular transport, cell division.

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28
Q

The cytoskeleton can be viewed using…

A

…Immunofluorescence

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29
Q

The nucleus is surrounded by…

A

nuclear envelope with pores which allows movement of small, specific molecules and ions.

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30
Q

Dna is contained in the nucleus, and the Dna contains…

A

…genes organised as chromosomes

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31
Q

Chromatin is a complex of…

A

…DNA and proteins (histones) and RNA.

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32
Q

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?

A

Network of membranous tubules and sacs (cisternae) which are continuous with the nuclear envelope.

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33
Q

Whats ER the abbrveiation for?

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

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34
Q

Rough ER is due to the presence of…

A

…ribosomes

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35
Q

Smooth ER lacks the…

A

…presence of ribosomes.

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36
Q

Rough ER is mainly involved in….

A

…the production and processing of proteins

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37
Q

Ribosomes assemble…

A

…amino acids into protein units.

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38
Q

Smooth ER has a variety of different functions which are…

A
  • in muscle, it stores calcium
  • in glands, it synthesises lipids and steroids
  • in the liver, it metabolises carbohydrates
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39
Q

What does the golgi apparatus comprise?

A

Comprises stacks of flattened, membrane-bound sacs, known as cisternae.

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40
Q

The golgi apparatus receive…

A

…molecules from the ER in vesicles

  • Enzymatically modifies and tags the molecules that are delivered to the golgi apparatus.
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41
Q

How many haemoglobin molecules produced per second?

A

100 trillion

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42
Q

Ribosomes are involved in…

A

…transcription and translation

43
Q

The Golgi Apparatus is known as the…

A

…“post office of the cell”

44
Q

Why is the golgi apparatus known as …“post office of the cell”?

A

Send them to other areas of the cell or exports from the cell for distribution to where they are needed in the body.

45
Q

Lysosomes are derived from the…

A

…golgi apparatus

46
Q

Lysosomes filled with…

A

…hydrolytic enzymes from the ER to break down cells.

47
Q

Lysosomes act as a cells…

A

…digestive system

48
Q

Lysosomes enzymes break down …

A

…macro-molecules, bacteria and damaged organelles

  • This allows the cell to re-use these components.
49
Q

THe mitochondria are known as…

A

“power plants” of the cell.

50
Q

The mitochondria contain there own…

A

…mitochondrial DNA

51
Q

Because mitochondria contain there own mitochondrial DNA, they can therefore…

A

…replicate independently from the cell in response to the cell’s and body’s energy needs

52
Q

Mitochondria are required to…

A

…drive respiration

53
Q

Active cells that use a lot of ATP will have…

A

…a large number of mitochondria.

54
Q

May see an increase in the number of mitochondria in …

A

…muscle cells.

55
Q

Lots of mitochondria and ATP function in the…

A

…heart and liver.

56
Q

Aerobic respiration is the conversion of…

A

…a substrate and O2 into H2O, CO2, ATP and heat via the Krebs Cycle, and respiratory (electron transport) chain.

57
Q

Cells are arranged into…

A

…specialised tissues / organs which carry out specific functions.

58
Q

What is Histology?

A

branch of biology which studies the microscopic structure of tissues and organs.

59
Q

What are tissues?

A

A group of closely associated cells that work together to perform a specific function

60
Q

What are the four basic types of tissue?

A

1) Epithelial tissue
2) Connective tissue
3) Muscular tissue
4) Nervous tissue

  • many subtypes of these tissues.
61
Q

How many types of basic tissue are there?

A

Four

62
Q

Main functionality of the epithelial tissue?

A

Protects the body by covering all free surfaces and lining the body cavities

63
Q

What is the Subspecialisation of the Epithelial Tissues?

A

lining of glands, bowel, skin and some organs (lungs, urinary tract)

64
Q

Example of simple squamous epithelium ?

A

lungs

65
Q

Example of columnar epithelium =

A

Intestines

66
Q

Why are simple squamous epithelium in the lungs thin?

A

They are thin to allow for a short diffusion distance. We want efficient oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. Disadvantage of this is that they are easy to break.

67
Q

Advantage of columnar epithelium?

A

Allow for an increased surface area.

68
Q

Epithelial Tissues can be…

A

…‘Covering and lining’ tissues and ‘Glandular’ tissues

  • Can be single or multi layered
  • Have apical (top) and basal (bottom) surfaces.
69
Q

Epithelial Tissues are typically …

A

…avascular or poorly vascularised

(has a very poor blood supply, allowing for diffusion)

70
Q

Epithelial Tissues do possess a …

A

… nerve supply.

71
Q

Epithelial Tissues are highly…

A

…mitotic (replicate alot) which is useful for self repair.

72
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissues?

A

Protection
Filtration
Lubrication
Absorption
Digestion
Secretion
Sensory perception

73
Q

Describe the protection function of epithelial tissue?

A

tends to be multi-layered
protects underlying tissues, where there is wear and tear

74
Q

Describe the filtration function of epithelial tissue

A

blood filtration, gaseous diffusion, site of secretion

75
Q

Describe the absorption function of epithelial tissue

A

small intestines, kidneys

76
Q

Describe the digestion function of epithelial tissue

A

salivary glands, stomach lining, pancreas.

77
Q

Describe the secretion function of epithelial tissue

A

multiple parts of the body, multiple reasons/functions.

78
Q

Describe the sensory perception function of epithelial tissue

A

Smell hearing vision touch

79
Q

FUnction of Connective Tissue?

A

1) Holds parts of the body together
- supports and protects organs

2) Subspecialisation
- May contain collagen and elastic fibres in different amounts

3) Have a number of specialised cells

80
Q

Connective Tissues are the most…

A

…abundant body tissues

81
Q

Connective tissues bind…

A

…cells and organs together

82
Q

Connective tissues contain …

A

three basic elements (cells, ground substance, and fibres)

83
Q

Connective tissues are highly…

A

…vascular (have a good blood supply)

  • apart from cartilage, tendons, and ligaments.
84
Q

Connective tissues a nerve supply…

A

…except for cartilage

85
Q

Connective tissues do not occur on…

A

…free surfaces.

86
Q

Connective tissues Matrix usually secreted by …

A

…connective tissue cells
- may be fluid, semi-fluid, gelatinous, fibrous or calcified

87
Q

Connective tissue cells have varied…

A

…functionality.

88
Q

Three types of connective tissue cells?

A

Fibroblasts
Adipocytes
Reticular cells

89
Q

Function of reticular cells (reticular fibres)?

A

supporting mesh in soft tissues (liver, bone marrow, lymphatic nodes, etc.)

90
Q

Function of fibroblasts?

A

synthesise collagens, glycosaminoglycans, elastic fibres, glycoproteins (extracellular matrix)

91
Q

Function of adipocytes?

A

lipid storage

92
Q

What are Chondrocytes?

A

cartilage cells

93
Q

What are Osteocytes?

A

bone cells

94
Q

Role of spongy bone?

A

absorbs water very well

95
Q

Function of macrophages?

A

perform phagocytosis

96
Q

Functin of plasma cells?

A

secrete antibodies

97
Q

Function of mast cells?

A

produce histamine

98
Q

WHat are the three types of muscular tissue?

A
  • Smooth
  • Cardiac
  • Skeletal
99
Q

Two types of contraction in muscles?

A

Voluntary and involuntary

Smooth muscle = involuntaty
Cardiac = involuntary
Skeletal = voluntary

100
Q

Nervous tissue transmits…

A

…information

101
Q

Nervous tissue receive…

A

…Receive chemical and electrical stimuli

102
Q

Nervous tissue controls…

A

… the actions of muscles and glands

103
Q

Different types of nervous tissue?

A

Two types:
1) Myelinated axons (have a myelin sheathe around them) Produces White matter
2) Non myelinated axons which produce grey matter

Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology (11 decks)

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