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NUCLEAR MEDICINE > PRELIMS > Flashcards

PRELIMS Flashcards

1
Q

A procedures are used in diagnosing and treating certain illnesses. These procedures uses radioactive materials called ____________________.

A

radiopharmaceuticals

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2
Q

Examples of diseases treated with nuclear medicine procedures are:

A

hyperthyroidism
thyroid cancer
lymphomas
bone pain

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3
Q

how many physicians fully-trained and certified to practice Nuclear Medicine in the Philippines?

A

95 physicians

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4
Q

The very nature of nuclear medicine depends on ________ since it deals with the interaction of the radiation emitted from within the patient with the detectors used to provide the images as well as with the patient him or herself.

A

physics

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5
Q

3 phases/fundamental concepts of nuclear medicine

A
  1. tracer administration
  2. taking images
  3. image interpretation
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6
Q

tracer is also called as ____________

A

radionuclide

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7
Q

Doctors use nuclear medicine to _______, ________, and _______ various diseases.

A

Doctors use nuclear medicine to DIAGNOSE, EVALUATE, and TREAT various diseases.

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8
Q

Nuclear medicine exams pinpoint __________ activity.

This gives them the potential to find disease in its earliest stages.

A

Nuclear medicine exams pinpoint MOLECULAR ACTIVITY.

This gives them the potential to find disease in its earliest stages.

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9
Q

His research centered on the bombarding atoms at high speed in order to produce new particles.

A

Ernest Lawrence

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10
Q

Ernest Lawrence began working at University of California in Berkeley in _____ as a _______ _________.

A

Ernest Lawrence began working at University of California in Berkeley in 1928 as a NUCLEAR PHYSICIST.

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11
Q

SPECT/CT

A

single photon emission computed tomography

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12
Q

PET/CT

A

positron emission tomography

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13
Q

Protons and neutrons are found in the ________ at the center of the atom.

A

Protons and neutrons are found in the NUCLEUS at the center of the atom.

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14
Q

The _________ is very much smaller than the atom as a whole.

A

The NUCLEUS is very much smaller than the atom as a whole.

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15
Q

The __________ are arranged in energy levels around the nucleus.

A

The ELECTRONS are arranged in energy levels around the nucleus.

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16
Q

It is a positively charged particle that resides within the atomic nucleus. The proton has charge +1 (or, alternately, 1.602 x 10- 19 Coulombs)

A

protons

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17
Q

It is a subatomic particle with a mass comparable to a proton and a neutral electrical charge. A neutron is a subatomic particle with a mass of 1 and charge of 0.

A

neutrons

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18
Q

it must have a short halfife that is compatible with the duration and objectives of the study

A

radiopharmaceuticals

19
Q

detectors used in non imaging instruments

commonly used in nuclear medicine as dose calibrators and survey meters

belongs to a class of detectors called ionization detectors

A

gas filled detectors

20
Q

3 types of gas filled detectors

A

ionization chamber
proportional counter
geiger muller counter

21
Q

it is a type of gas filled detector that are used in portable survey meters and can accurately indicate exposure rates from less than 1 mR/gr to hundreds of R/hr

also used for performing QA testing of diagnostic and therapeutic xray machines

detectors used in most xray machine phototimers

A

ionization chamber

22
Q

it is a type of gas filled detectors that are commonly used in standard laboratories, health physics laboratories and for physics research

not commonly used in NM because of its low efficiency in detecting X and gamma rays

suitable for detecting alpha particles

A

proportional counter

23
Q

it is a type of gas filled detector that are mostly used for inexpensive survey meter for radiation protection purposes and widely used in monitoring because it is very rugged

A

geiger muller counter

24
Q

used to determined the radioactivity of a test tube, vial or syringe

A

dose calibrators

25
Q

used to locate a source of radioactivity and to assess the amount of radioactivity present or the exposure rate from the source

A

survey meter

26
Q

most commonly used detector in NM

generally used for detection of X and gamma ray

A

scintillation detector

27
Q

_________ detectors were used in the development of the 1st generation nuclear medicine scanner

A

scintillation detector

28
Q

used to detect and convert light photons emitted from the crystal into an electrical signal that amplifies the original photon

A

photomultiplier tube

29
Q

the photosensitive surface of the PMT

thin layer of an alloy such as cesium and antimony

A

photocathode

30
Q

helps reduce scattered lower energy, unwanted photons that would degrade the resolution of image

A

pulse height analyzer

31
Q

also known as pulse height analysis

refers to the use of a scintillation counting system to obtain an eneegy spectrum from a radioactive source

A

scintillation spectrometry

32
Q

commonly used to array the amount of radioactivity in a test tube

A

well counter

33
Q

instrument designed to produce a 2D image of distribution of radioactivity by scanning the region of interest in rectilinear passes made with a shielded and collimated thallium activated sodium iodine

A

rectilinear scanner

34
Q

well type gas ion chamber which a radionuclide material is introduced for measurement

A

dose calibrator

35
Q

was invented by Hal Anger in the late 1950s, the most commonly used imaging instrument in nuclear medicine

A

anger gamma camera

36
Q

the lead in each hole of collimators is called a _____, collectively, the lead represents the _____

A

septum; septa

37
Q

it provides an interface between the patient and scintillation crystals by only allowing those photons travelling in appropriate direction

A

collimators

38
Q

the most commonly used collimator which consist of an array of parallel holes perpendicular to crystal face

it presents a real image to the crystal face, the workhorse collimator in most imaging laboratory

A

parallel hole collimators

39
Q

type of collimator that has array of tapered holes that aim at a point at same distance in front of collimator

has holes that converge 40-50cm in front of collimator

uses for imaging small organs

presents a magnified version of real object

A

converging collimators

40
Q

a type of collimator that essentially upside down

the image presented to crystal face is a minimized image of the real object

has holes that diverge 40-50 beyond collimator

used for imaging large organs

A

diverging collimators

41
Q

type of collimator uses for magnification study of small organs such as thyroid and heart

as the source is moved away from the surface the camera gets smaller

A

pin hole collimator

42
Q

a radionuclide imaging finding which shows significantly less uptake by an organ

A

cold spot

43
Q

uptakes with very light accumulation of radionuclide

A

warm spot

44
Q

uptakes with very high accumulation of radionuclide

A

hot spot

NUCLEAR MEDICINE (2 decks)

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