Principles of Quantitative Research

Question 1

criteria of hypotheses

Answer 1

linked to the research question/aim

testable and measurable by the proposed study design

logical in relation to current literature

specified prior to data collection

Question 2

H1

Answer 2

alternate hypothesis

Question 3

alternate hypothesis (H?)

Answer 3

H1

Question 4

null hypothesis (H?)

Answer 4

H0

Question 5

H0

Answer 5

null hypothesis

Question 6

types of hypothesis (directions)

Answer 6

• Directional (causal)
  
  • Directional (non-causal)
  • Non-directional (causal)
  • Non-directional (non-causal)

Question 7

what must there be for a hypothesis to be directional

Answer 7

clear rationale

Question 8

what type of hypothesis if exploratory or limited knowledge?

Answer 8

non-directional

Question 9

causal hypotheses only suitable for what design?

Answer 9

experimental

Question 10

types of statistical analyses

Answer 10

• Correlation (regression)
  
  • ANOVA (repeated, independent, mixed, factorial)
  • Logistic regression
  • T-tests (independent, related)
  • Multiple regression (mediation, moderation)
  • ANCOVA

Question 11

how do we decide which satistical analysis to carry out?

Answer 11

• Continuous or categorical outcome/DV?
  
  • How many predictors? What type (continuous/categorical)
  • If categorical predictors, how many categories?

Question 12

in what stages of research is there bias?

Answer 12

design
implementation
analysis
publication

Question 13

bias in design stage

Answer 13

○ Order effects
○ Ceiling/floor effect of task (task too easy or too hard so everyone scores too high or everyone scores too low - so how can we see differences)
○ Participants: sampling, selection and individual differences

Question 14

bias in implementation stage

Answer 14

researcher bias
response bias

Question 15

bias in analysis stage

Answer 15

○ Confirmatory hypothesis testing/confirmation bias
○ HARKing
○ P hacking

Question 16

bias in publication stage

Answer 16

Publication bias (pressure to find significant results - non-significant results struggle to get published)

Question 17

what is social desirability bias?

Answer 17

“tendency of subjects to deny socially undesirable traits and to claim socially desirable ones…” (Nederhof, 1985)

Question 18

factors affecting SDB

Answer 18

Impacts on behaviours and self-report
E.g. impacts on self reports of clinical behaviours (Perinelli &Gremigni, 2016)

Self deception and impression management (Paulhus, 1986)

Nederhof (1985)
Situational and personality determinant of social desirability bias

Question 19

ways to address SDB

Answer 19

Social desirability scales

E.g. Marlowe-Crowne social desirability scale (1964) - Shortened versions also developed

The social desirability scale (SDS, 2001)

Question 20

WEIRD sampling - who and what does it stand for

Answer 20

Henrich et al., 2010

		§ Western
		§ Educated
		§ Industrialised
		§ Rich
		§ Democratic

Question 21

how much to WEIRD samples make up

Answer 21

represent up to 80% of study ppts, but only 12% of the worlds population

Question 22

impact of WEIRD samples

Answer 22

WEIRD populations are outliers on many psychological phenomena (Henrich et al., 2010)

Demonstrates a lack of cultural diversity in psychology research

Validity and generalisability questionable

Question 23

Addressing WEIRD samples

Answer 23

Rad, Martingano & Ginges (2018)
□ Reviewed psychological science papers
□ Lack of sample information

Suggestions for authors, journal editors and reviewers to reduce issues related to WEIRD samples and foster more representative psychological research

Research still continues to use WEIRD samples…