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evolution > MIDTERM 1 > Flashcards

MIDTERM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are synapomorphies?

A

traits that are shared and derived within a group of related species that evolved from an immediate common ancestor

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2
Q

what are homologous structures?

A

traits that are similar between group because they were dervied from a common ancestor

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3
Q

what happens to the frequency of beneficial mutations?

A

The frequency increases through NATURAL SELECTION which will no longer be recognized by the immune system. Therefore itll continue to increase the reproduction rate and dominate the population through generations

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4
Q

What other mechanism drives virus evolution?

A

VIRAL REASSORTMENT
which allows flu strains to infect new hosts which can be deadly or highly infectious

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5
Q

who developed the taxonomic system?

A

Carolus linnaeus

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6
Q

who theorized that the world is made up of particles and we were formed by debris from a comet that was struck on earth?

A

Georges-louis leClerc

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7
Q

who introduced stratigraphic in dating of fossils?

A

Nicolas Steno

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8
Q

who theorized that fossils are from past species that went extinct leaving a gap in the great chain of being?

A

Georges Cuvier

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9
Q

who discovered several species of extinxt marine reptiles.=/

A

mary Annie

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10
Q

Who theorized that rocks were formed by very slow changes over time?

A

James hutton

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11
Q

who organized a strata into geographical history?

A

William smith

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12
Q

who offered the first detailed hypothesis for how evolution works ?

A

Jean-Baptiste (LAMARCK)

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13
Q

What did Charles Darwin do?

A

he collected many fossils and living organisims

he obsesrved finches that have evolved to be suited to the climate

Determined that they have evolved due to common ancestry and natural selection

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14
Q

who had similar evolutionary ideas as charles darwin?

A

Alfred Russel Wallace

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15
Q

how does geologist measure rates of geological processes?

A

through erosion and deposition

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16
Q

who disagreed with Darwin that the earth is billions years old?

A

Lord Kelvin (william thomspon) argued that earth is 20 millions years old due to the rate of cooling.

He pioneered the study of heat mass transfer in solid objects

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17
Q

how did lord kelvin estimate that earth is 20 mil yrs old?

A

based on the temp of rock in deep mines but did not account to the risong magma transfers of hear near the surface which makes rocks warmer than usual

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18
Q

what is radiometric dating?

A

It estimates that the earth is 4.56 billion years old

it determines the relation proportions of radioactive isotopes

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19
Q

How were radioisotopes and stable isotopes synthesized?

A

By ancient stars that were present in dust cloud that was formed in our solar system

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20
Q

how are rocks dates?

A

By radioactive isotopes and daughter isotpes

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21
Q

how does fossils allow us to learn about extinct species?

A

through morphology, behaviour, and development

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22
Q

What machine is used to detmine the cellular structure of a specie?

A

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

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23
Q

Who discovered melanosomal structures in fossils in extinct raptors?

A

Jacod Vinther and colleagues using a scanning electrion microscope

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24
Q

Who found a hadrosaur crest that is connected to a nasal cavity?

A

David Evans and larwarane witmer and Ryan Ridely

25
Q

Who discovered the burgess shale lagershattern in 1909?

A

Charles Doolittle

26
Q

How was Burgess Shale lagerstatten formed?

A

by periodic mudslides that buried may organisms which provides a snapshot of the marine ecosystem during the time of the mudslides

27
Q

what are biomarkers?

A

They reveal traces of life

28
Q

What is carbon isotopes signatures?

A

Can determine the types of plants eaten for the specie. O3 plants are lower than O4 plants. O3 plants are located in a forest area. O4 plants are located in a grassland

29
Q

What is the earliest signs of life?

A

Stromatotile (bacteria) was fossilized and discovered to date to 3.45 bya

30
Q

What is the earliest signs of life but is controvercial?

A

carbon contained in rocks that dates to 3.7 bya

31
Q

What is the oldest fossil of multicellular life?

A

dates back to 2.1 bya

32
Q

When was there evidence that bilateral symmetry, nervous system, and musculature had evolved?

A

earlist animal tracks that date 585 mya in ecuador

33
Q

what colonized terrestrial environments first?

A

Prokaryotes, fossils date to 2.6 bya

34
Q

how were mammals evolved?

A

Through synapsids (dominants vertebrates) 280 mya

first mammals emerged 150 mya

35
Q

How old is the oldest human fossil?

A

200 000 years old

36
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

a visual representation of the evolution of species, genes, populations

37
Q

what is a cladogram

A

is a group of species in a clade that are related from a common ancestor with no information about absolute time

38
Q

what is a nested hierarchy?

A

darwin called it that because it is the expected outcome of descent with modification

39
Q

what is a clade?

A

It is a monophyletic group and are taxonomic

40
Q

what is an out group?

A

species that do not belong within a specific group

41
Q

What is the principle of maximum parsimony

A

an alternative that requires a few evolutionary steps is the best

42
Q

what is a polytomy?

A

relationships are uncertain in the polygenetic tree

43
Q

what is homoplasy?

A

a trait that is similar but not due to common decent

44
Q

what is convergent evolution?

A

is an independent evolution of a similar trait

45
Q

what is evolutionary reversals

A

a trait that is reversed back into ancestrial state

46
Q

How to solve a polytomy?

A

using more traits and more genes to idenify who we are closer too. Forks are used rather than nodes to show that its uncertain.

47
Q

What is exaptation?

A

A trait that exhibits a new function due to natural selection

48
Q

What is a microRNA?

A

it prevents translation to make proteins

49
Q

What is RNA splicing

A

can create multiple fragments of proteins from a single gene

50
Q

What are pseudogenes

A

are non-functional genes that are present due to containing acestrial baggage.

51
Q

What are somatic mutations?

A

affected cells in the body of an organism such as a specific tissue that is affected. NOT HERITABLE

52
Q

What are germ-line mutations

A

affect the gametes due to heritated traits from parents.

53
Q

What is independent assortment?

A

A combination of alleles that are sorted into gametes independent from one another.

54
Q

What is meiosis?

A

It generates recombination and independent assortment

55
Q

What is a polyphenic trait?

A

A single genotype produces multiple phenotypes depending on the environment

56
Q

What is quantitative trait locus?

A

can discover genes that influences the quantatative trait

57
Q

What are morphogens?

A

they are signaling molecules that may alter gene expression in groups of cells

58
Q

What are pleisiomorphies?

A

Characteristic of a group that may or may not be defined as homologous. These may be homoplasies

59
Q
A

evolution (3 decks)

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