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Boards Prep- Cardiovascular > The Heart and Circulation > Flashcards

The Heart and Circulation Flashcards

1
Q

Right atrium

A

receives blood from the systemic circulation, from the superior vena cavae, and the inferior vena cavae

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2
Q

Right ventricle

A

Receives blood from the RA and pumps blood via the pulmonary artery to the lungs for oxygenation; the low pressure pulmonary pump

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3
Q

Left atrium

A

receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and the four pulmonary veins

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4
Q

left ventricle

A
  • Receives blood form the LA and pumps blood via the aorta throughout the entire systemic circulation
  • the high pressure systemic pump
  • Walls of LV are thicker and stronger than RV and form most of the left side and apex of the heart
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5
Q

What do valves provide?

A

One way flow of blood

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6
Q

Artrioventricular valves

A
  • Prevent back flow of blood into the atria during ventricular systole
  • anchored by chordae tendinae to papillary muscles
  • valves close when ventricular walls contract
  • Tricuspid valve: right heart valve
  • Bicuspid valve: left heart valve
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7
Q

Semilunar Valves

A
  • prevent back flow of blood from aorta and pulmonary arteries into the ventricles during diastole
  • Pulmonary valve: prevents right backflow
  • Aortic valve: prevents left back flow
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8
Q

Systole

A

the period of ventricular contraction
- End systolic volume is the amount of blood in the ventricles after systole: 50 mL

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9
Q

Diastole

A
  • the period of ventricular relaxation and filling of blood
  • End Diastolic volume is amount of blood in ventricles after diastole: 120 mL
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10
Q

Atrial contraction

A
  • occurs during the last third of diastole and completes ventricular filling comprising the last 20-30% of end diastolic volume
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11
Q

Right coronary artery

A
  • supplies right atrium, most of right ventricle, and in most individuals, the inferior wall of the left ventricle, AV node, and bundle of His
  • supplies SA node 60% of the time
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12
Q

Left coronary artery

A

supplies most of the left ventricle
- has two divisions: left anterior descending artery and circumflex artery

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13
Q

Left anterior descending artery

A
  • supplies the left ventricle and the inter ventricular septum and in most individuals, the inferior areas of the apex
  • it may also give off branches to right ventricle
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14
Q

Circumflex artery

A
  • supplies blood to the lateral and inferior walls of the left ventricle and portions of the left atrium
  • supplies SA node 40% of the time
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15
Q

Veins in the heart

A

parallel arterial system
- the coronary sinus receives venous blood from the heart and empties into the right atrium

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16
Q

What needs to be in balance in order to maintain a given activity level without ischemia?

A

Myocardial oxygen supply and myocardial oxygen demand

17
Q

SA Node

A
  • located at the junction of the superior vena cava and right atrium
  • Main pacemaker of the heart; initiates the impulse at a rate of 60-100 bpm
  • Has sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation affecting both heart rate and strength of contraction
18
Q

AV Node

A
  • Located at the junction of the right atrium and the right ventricle
  • Has sympathetic and parasympathetic innervation
  • Merges w/ bundle of His
  • Intrinsic firing rate of 40-60 bpm
19
Q

Purkinje Tissue

A
  • Right and left bundle branches of AV node are located on either side of IV septum
  • terminate in Purkinje fibers, specialized conducting tissue spread throughout ventricles
  • intrinsic firing rate of 20-40 bpm
20
Q

Conduction of heart

A
  • origin is SA node –> impulse spreads throughout both atria, which contract together
  • impulse stimulates AV node, is transmitted down bundle of His to Purkinje fibers; spreads throughout ventricles, which contract together
21
Q

Myocardial fibers

A
  • striated muscle fiber with more numerous mitochondria
  • fibers contract as functional unit
  • Myocardial metabolism is aerobic
  • smooth muscle tissue is found in the walls of blood vessels
22
Q

Stroke Volume

A

the amount of blood ejected with each myocardial contraction
- normal range is 55-100 mL/beat

23
Q

What influences stroke volume?

A
  • Left ventricular end diastolic volume
  • Contractility
  • Afterload
24
Q

Left ventricular end diastolic volume

A
  • amount of blood left in the ventricle at the end of diastole (aka preload)
  • greater diastolic filling (preload), the greater the quantity of blood pumped (Frank Starling law)
25
Q

Afterload

A

the force the LV must generate during systole to overcome aortic pressure to open the aortic valve

26
Q

Cardiac output

A
  • amount of blood discharged from left and right ventricle per minute
  • normal at rest: 4-5 L/min
  • HR x SV
27
Q

Cardiac index

A
  • CO/body surface area
  • normal rand is 2.5-3.5 L/min
28
Q

Left ventricular end diastolic pressure

A

pressure in the left ventricle during diastole
- normal range: 5-12 mmHg

29
Q

Ejection fraction

A
  • percentage of blood emptied from the ventricle during systole
  • clinically useful measure of LV function
  • EF = SV/LVEDV
  • Normal: > 55%
  • < 40% = heart failure
30
Q

Atrial filling pressure

A
  • difference between venous and atrial pressures
  • right atrial filling pressure is decreased during strong ventricular contraction, and atrial filling is enhanced
31
Q

what is right atrial filling pressure affected by?

A

changes in intrathoracic pressure
- decreases during inspiration and increases during coughing or forces expiration

32
Q

When does venous return change?

A
  • increases when blood volume expands
  • decreases during hypovolemic shift
33
Q

what occurs to diastolic filling time with increased heart rate and with heart disease?

A

it decreases

34
Q

What does myocardial oxygen demand represent?

A
  • the energy cost to the myocardium
  • clinically measured by the product of heart rate and systolic blood pressure, know as the rate pressure produce
  • increases with activity and with HR and/or BP

Boards Prep- Cardiovascular (21 decks)

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