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Cognitive Neuroscience > Quiz > Flashcards

Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience (primarily) bridges between:
- Neuroscience and philosophy
- Neuroscience and genetics
- Neuroscience and psychology
- Neuroscience and sociology

A

Neuroscience and psychology

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2
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience focuses predominantly on clinical populations.
- True
- False

A

False

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3
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience aims to understand neural realization of cognitive function at the level of:
- Single neurons
- Large-scale networks
- Computational Principles
- Gene expression

A

Large-scale networks

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4
Q

The two substances described in Cartesian ontology are:
- Res extensa and res nullius
- Res cogitans and res publica
- Res publica and res nullius
- Res extensa and res cogitans

A

Res extensa and res cogitans

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5
Q

Descartes’ res extensa denotes the mental substance and the thinking “soul”.
- True
- False

A

False

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6
Q

According to Descartes, the seat of the soul (and consciousness) is in:
- The ventricles
- The pineal gland
- The claustrum
- The heart

A

The pineal gland

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7
Q

Equipotentiality is another term for phrenology:
- True
- False

A

False

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8
Q

According to holism, cerebral cortex functions as:
- Functionally divided modules
- Intertwined functional networks
- A set of specialized mental faculties
- An indivisible whole

A

An indivisible whole

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9
Q

The father of Phrenology is:
- Paul Broca
- Wilder Penfield
- Franz Joseph Gall
- John-Dylan Haynes

A

Franz Joseph Gall

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10
Q

Patients with Broca’s aphasia have:
- Intact speech production and compromised speech perception
- Intact speech production and intact speech perception
- Compromised speech production and intact speech perception
- Compromised speech production and compromised speech perception

A

Compromised speech production and intact speech perception

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11
Q

Representations of body parts are differently sized in the motor and sensory homunculus.
- True
- False

A

True

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12
Q

Invasive recordings are always more scientifically interesting than non-invasive neuroimaging.
- True
- False

A

False

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13
Q

Contemporary cognitive neuroscience conceptualizes structure-function mapping as:
- Strictly sparse
- Non-sparse
- Equipotential
- Irrelevant

A

Non-sparse

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14
Q

Evidence of double dissociation is a final proof of independence of certain cognitive functions and their substrate.
- True
- False

A

False

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15
Q

Which of the following is a distal sense?
- Touch
- Proprioception
- Taste
- Hearing

A

Hearing

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16
Q

When the ciliary muscles of the eye are relaxed, the lens is accommodated to view objects in the distance.
- True
- False

A

True

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17
Q

A translucent part of the eye that gets hit by light first and where most of the light refracts is called the
- Lens
- Retina
- Cornea
- Pupil

A

Cornea

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18
Q

The retina is the part of the eye where
- Light gets refracted
- Light gets transformed into neural activity
- Focusing onto closer or far away objects happens
- Output travels into the visual cortex

A

Light gets transformed into neural activity

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19
Q

Photoreceptors in the human retina are located at the front of the retina – where the light first hits the retina.
- True
- False

A

False

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20
Q

Lateral processing in the retina is performed by:
- Ganglion and amacrine cells
- Amacrine and horizontal cells
- Ganglion and horizontal cells
- Horizontal cells only

A

Amacrine and horizontal cells

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21
Q

The blind spot is a consequence of an inverted retina:
- True
- False

A

True

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22
Q

Which out of the following fire action potentials?
- Amacrine cells
- Photoreceptors
- Horizontal cells
- Ganglion cells

A

ganglion cells

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23
Q

The optic nerve leads from ganglion cells of the retina into
- The thalamus
- V1
- The hippocampus
- Superior colliculus

A

the thalamus (LGN is part of the thalamus)

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24
Q

How many types of photoreceptors exist in a healthy human retina?
- 1 type
- 2 types
- 3 types
- 4 types

A

4 types

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25
Q

One cone photoreceptor always feeds into one ganglion cell.
- True
- False

A

False
this in only true for foveal cones

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26
Q

Receptive fields in the LGN have an excitatory and inhibitory region, therefore coding for contrast.
- True
- False

A

True

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27
Q

An on-center ganglion cell will respond the strongest if we shine light
- Only on its periphery
- Only on its center
- On its center and periphery
- On the half of its center and half of its periphery

A

Only on its center

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28
Q

After the optic chiasm, the left optic tract contains information from both left and right visual hemifield.
- True
- False

A

False

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29
Q

Which types of cells we do not find in V1?
- Simple cells
- End-stopped cells
- Complex cells
- Icecube cells

A

Icecube cells

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30
Q

Complex cells can respond to a line of their preferred orientation anywhere in their receptive field.
- True
- False

A

False

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31
Q

Cells in V1 that preferentially fire for a certain line orientation are grouped into:
- Ocular dominance columns
- Orientation columns
- Icecube model
- Blobs

A

Orientation columns

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32
Q

Lower-level visual areas are located in and around the
- LGN
- Calcarine sulcus
- Inferior temporal cortex
- Intraparietal sulcus

A

Calcarine sulcus

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33
Q

In V1, the visual field is represented with both vertical (left to right) and horizontal (upper to lower) inversion.
- True
- False

A

True

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34
Q

Visual scene information in V2 and V3 is separated into quarter-fields.
- True
- False

A

True

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35
Q

Visual information does not necessarily need to travel through the … to get to V1.
- LGN
- Optic nerve
- Optic chiasm
- Superior colliculus

A

Superior colliculus

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36
Q

Area V5 is believed to process colour.
- True
- False

A

False (V5/MT processes motion, V4 processes colour)

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37
Q

Which are the two main visual processing pathways?
- Ventral and medial
- Ventral and dorsal
- Dorsal and medial
- Lateral and medial

A

Ventral (= what, object identity) and dorsal (= where, spatial location)

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38
Q

Receptive fields of neurons in medial temporal lobe (MTL) of left hemisphere capture which part of the visual field?
- Only left hemifield
- Only right hemifield
- Most of the visual field
- None of the above

A

Most of the visual field

39
Q

The image below shows:
- A computer chip
- A schematic of monkey visual system
- Weird contemporary art
- Random letters and lines

A

A schematic of monkey visual system

40
Q

Top-down attention is guided by endogenous cues.
- True
- False

A

True

41
Q

What is exogenous (bottom-up) visual attention?
- Attention to the objects in the environment
- Attention to internal states
- The capture of attention by salient features
- External guidance of attention by symbolic cues

A

The capture of attention by salient features

42
Q

During visual covert attention, gaze and attention are coupled.
- True
- False

A

False

43
Q

Top-down attention is neurally regulated by
- Frontoparietal network
- Subcortical network
- Ventromedial network
- Occipital network

A

Frontoparietal (= dorsal) network
ventral network = bottom-up

44
Q

In Posner’s cueing task, reactions are the slowest (reaction time longest) in:
- Valid trials
- Invalid trials
- Neutral trials
- No cue trials

A

Invalid Trials

45
Q

Broadbent’s filter model is a late selection model.
- True
- False

A

False

46
Q

In early selection models of attention, stimulus is selected for further processing
- Before perceptual analysis of the stimulus is complete
- At higher stages of processing
- After semantic analysis
- At the level of sensory input

A

Before perceptual analysis of the stimulus is complete

47
Q

A characteristic of serial visual search is that
- It is performed in parallel
- It is preattentive
- It requires attention
- Doesn’t get slower with increasing set size

A

It requires attention

48
Q

Serial visual search relies on the pop-out effect.
- True
- False

A

False

49
Q

Which of the following is NOT true for working memory?
- Allows active transformation of its contents
- Its capacity is limited
- It is very fragile to interference
- Its time-course is several seconds to minutes

A

It is very fragile to interference

50
Q

Transient visual afterimages are an example of
- Iconic memory
- Echoic memory
- Short-term memory
- Working memory

A

Iconic memory

51
Q

Short-term memory is a limited-capacity store for the maintenance and manipulation of information
- TRUE
- FALSE

A

False

52
Q

Sensory memory can be prolonged by active rehearsal
- TRUE
- FALSE

A

False

53
Q

Which of the following is characteristic of sensory memory?
- High capacity
- Low capacity
- It requires attention
- Its capacity can be improved by training

A

High capacity

54
Q

What is the main issue with oculomotor delayed-response task?
- It conflates short-term memory with motor preparation
- It conflates short-term memory with visuo-spatial processing
- It conflates short-term memory with attention
- It doesn’t exclude iconic memory because the time delay is too short

A

It conflates short-term memory with motor preparation

55
Q

Slot models of working memory encode contents in an all-or-nothing fashion
- TRUE
- FALSE

A

True

56
Q

Contents of episodic memory are stored in the hippocampus even after memory consolidation
- True
- False

A

False

57
Q

What of the following was observed in patient H.M.?
- He did not have any anterograde amnesia
- He could not form procedural memories
- His working memory was functioning
- He had below-average IQ

A

His working memory was functioning

58
Q

Contents of working memory are believed to be stored
- In a distributed manner in the neocortex
- In the prefrontal cortex only
- In sensory areas only
- In parietal areas only

A

In a distributed manner in the neocortex

59
Q

In Sperling’s iconic memory test, theoretical availability of recall is lower than whole-report accuracy
- TRUE
- FALSE

A

False

60
Q

Which of the following is an example of non-declarative memory?
- Episodic memory
- Working memory
- Semantic memory
- Procedural memory

A

Procedural memory

61
Q

Perceptual priming is an example of declarative memory
- True
- False

A

False

62
Q

Declarative memory (in contrast to non-declarative memory) is hippocampus-dependent
- True
- False

A

True

63
Q

Memory traces in the long-term memory storage cannot decay
- True
- False

A

False

64
Q

Memory is consolidated into long-term storage through the process of:
- long-term potentiation
- short-term potentiation
- neurogenesis
- network restructuring

A

long-term potentiation

65
Q

Patients with hippocampal lesions will remember more recent events better than the very distant (old) ones.
- True
- False

A

False

66
Q

Procedural memory is largely dependent on:
- basal ganglia
- hippocampus
- neocortex
- reflex pathways

A

basal ganglia

67
Q

A stimulus whose removal encourages (reinforces) certain behaviour is called
- positive reinforcer
- negative reinforcer
- positive punishment
- negative punishment

A

negative reinforcer

68
Q

Dopamine is produced in
- ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra
- ventral tegmental area and nucleus accumbens
- nucleus accumbens and substantia nigra
- nucleus accumbens and orbitofrontal cortex

A

ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra

69
Q

Mesolimbic and mesocortical pathways originate in substantia nigra
- True
- False

A

False (in VTA)
substantia nigra = nigrostriatal pathway

70
Q

Medial orbitofrontal cortex shows increasing activity with increasing reward
- True
- False

A

True (lateral OFC decreasing activity)

71
Q

Which of the following is not true about orbitofrontal cortex?
- It is a point of multimodal convergence
- It is a projection zone of dopaminergic neurons
- It represents value of reward
- It synthesizes dopamine

A

It synthesizes dopamine

72
Q

In reward prediction error approach, dopaminergic neurons do not burst at
- Predicted reward
- Unpredicted reward
- Conditioned stimulus followed by reward
- Conditioned stimulus not followed by reward

A

Predicted reward

73
Q

Temporal discounting is a preference to select small but immediate reward over a larger but delayed one.
- True
- False

A

True

74
Q

Which of the following is a correct definition of PFC?
- The part of frontal cortex that doesn’t elicit movement when stimulated
- The part of the frontal cortex that develops last
- The projection zone of lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus
- The associative part of frontal cortex

A

The part of frontal cortex that doesn’t elicit movement when stimulated

75
Q

Which structure is relevant for error detection and resolution of conflicts?
- Orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)
- Lateral prefrontal cortex (lPFC)
- Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
- Medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC)

A

Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)

76
Q

Dopamine mediates only the “liking” component of reward.
- True
- False

A

False

77
Q

Premotor cortex (BA 6) is part of the prefrontal cortex.
- True
- False

A

False

78
Q

The relative size of PFC is highest in humans compared to all other animals.
- True
- False

A

False

79
Q

Which of the following is not a consequence of PFC lesions?
- Perseveration errors
- Deficiency in foresight and planning
- Deterioration of IQ
- Loss of spontaneity

A

Deterioration of IQ

80
Q

Which of the following is a neuropsychological test for perseveration?
- Wisconsin card-sorting task
- Tower of London task
- Stroop task
- The Flanker task

A

Wisconsin card-sorting task

81
Q

In Stroop task, people are fast at reading the words, but slow at naming colors.
- True
- False

A

True

82
Q

Signal detection theory: What possible events can occur when a stimulus is present?
- Hit or correct rejection
- Hit or miss
- False alarm or correct rejection
- False alarm or miss

A

Hit or miss

83
Q

The stronger the signal, the more overlap there will be between noise and signal distributions.
- True
- False

A

False

84
Q

A more conservative threshold will minimize false alarms.
- True
- False

A

True

85
Q

More liberal threshold will minimize misses.
- True
- False

A

True

86
Q

By shifting the criterion, we can affect both the number and the type of misclassifications.
- True
- False

A

False (just the type of misclassifications, number is dependent on d-prime)

87
Q

The shape of the ROC curve is determined by
- The size of d’ (discriminability)
- The decision criterion
- The area under the curve (AUC)
- The sample size

A

The size of d’ (discriminability)

88
Q

In the random dot kinematogram paradigm, strength of evidence is manipulated by varying:
- Motion coherence
- Number of dots
- Speed of movement
- Direction of motion

A

Motion coherence

89
Q

In accumulation-to-threshold models, strong evidence results in slower RTs
- True
- False

A

False

90
Q

In accumulation models response strategies (speed vs. accuracy) are modeled by manipulating:
- Decision threshold
- Starting point
- Drift rate
- None of the above

A

Decision threshold

91
Q

Which of the following is least likely to vary the firing rate of an MT cell?
- Coherence of motion
- Location of motion in the visual field
- Direction of motion
- Duration of the stimulus presentation

A

Duration of the stimulus presentation

92
Q

Activity of LIP neurons is best explained by momentary evidence of observed motion in a preferred direction.
- True
- False

A

False

93
Q

What is not true about the global neural workspace theory?
- The theory proposes that consciousness arises from the activity of a distributed network of brain regions.
- The theory suggests that the global neural workspace serves as a temporary store of information that can be accessed by many regions of the brain.
- The theory states that conscious awareness requires the activation of specific brain regions.
- The theory claims that conscious experience arises from the coordination of brain regions through the global neural workspace.

A

The theory states that conscious awareness requires the activation of specific brain regions.

94
Q

What is true about the global workspace theory?
- The theory suggests that consciousness is a product of bottom-up processing in the brain.
- The theory proposes that conscious awareness arises from the competition between different brain regions.
- The theory states that the global neural workspace is a static and permanent store of information.
- The theory claims that the global neural workspace serves as a temporary and dynamic platform for the integration of information across brain regions.

A

The theory claims that the global neural workspace serves as a temporary and dynamic platform for the integration of information across brain regions.

Cognitive Neuroscience (14 decks)

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