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Physiology & Pharmacology > Lecture 45 & 46 - Digestion & Nutrient absorbtion > Flashcards

Lecture 45 & 46 - Digestion & Nutrient absorbtion Flashcards

1
Q

Epithelium in the gut is an effective barrier for ________and their related _____

A

Epithelium in the gut is an effective barrier for pathogens and their related toxins

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2
Q

The control systems of the gut involves the :

A

CNS, ENS, Hormones and muscle

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3
Q

True or False:

Endocrine system acts on a minute time-scale

A

True

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4
Q

ENS lines the intestinal, lined the same way from mouth to anus.

What controls the mucosal epithelial cells?

A

Submucous plexus - contains arteries/arterioles and ENS nerves

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5
Q

What lies superficial to the submucous plexus?

A

deep muscular plexus

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6
Q

True or False.

The ENS is completely autonomous

A

True

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7
Q

True or False.

The PNS controls the regulation of motility and water and salt transport in the gut

A

False.

It’s the ENS

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8
Q

What is the state after a meal

A

Fed state

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9
Q

What happens in the fed state?

A

Stomach relaxes
Segmentation - push content/mixing
Peristalsis - propagates in anal direction

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10
Q

What happens in the fasted state?

A

Migrating motor complex, slowly propagating constriction that moves along whole length of small intestine

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11
Q

What happens in the mass movement contraction?

A

Defacation (colon, rectum

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12
Q

True and False

The peristalsis that occurs in the esophagus is controlled by the ENS

A

False.

Its by the PNS - by a means of swallowing

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13
Q

The final motor activity is the sum of the:

A

pacemaker activity and the neural activity

excitation and inhibition

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14
Q

True or False

Salivation, gastric acid secretion, gastric peptide secretion - the beginnings of the fed state can be started by cephalic input (i.e the sight of food)

A

True

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15
Q

The basic food groups are:

A

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
Vitamins and minerals

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16
Q

Predominant location of breakdown and absorption is the…

A

Duodenum and jejunum

17
Q

Digestion requires contact between food particles and digestive enzymes.

As such, vigorous ______ _____ for mixing and physical breakdown of foods exist.

A

Digestion requires contact between food particles and digestive enzymes.

As such, vigorous motor activity for mixing and physical breakdown of foods exist.

18
Q

Digestion is mostly dependent on enzymes released from _____ ______

A

Digestion is mostly dependent on enzymes released from exocrine pancreas

19
Q

The gut epithelium changes depending on the function of the tract at each point

The gut epithelium can be described as a monolayer of enterocytes

A

The gut epithelium changes depending on the function of the tract at each point

The gut epithelium can be described as a ______ of _______

20
Q

Enterocytes have an apical surface exposed to the ______

A

Enterocytes have an apical surface exposed to the Lumen

21
Q

Gut epithelial cells have a ______, where stem cells are produced

They then migrate to the _____ tip (in small intestine)

A

Gut epithelial cells have a crypt, where stem cells are produced

They then migrate to the villus tip (in small intestine)

22
Q

True or False

There is a change from secretory to absorptive (water) as cells migrate from the crypt to the villi tip

A

True

Lasts 3-8 days

23
Q

Amylase digests?

and where is it released?

A

Sugars, starches

Salivary and pancreatic

24
Q

Glucose and galactose are transported by the ___-_____ ___ ________(SGLT) across the apical membrane of enterocytes

A

Glucose and galactose are transported by the sodium-glucose linked transporter SGLT across the apical membrane of enterocytes

25
Q

Glucose and galactose are transported across the basolateral membrane by ____ _

A

Glucose and galactose are transported across the basolateral membrane by GLUT 2

26
Q

Fructose crosses the apical membrane with ____ _

A

Fructose crosses the apical membrane with GLUT 5

27
Q

Proteins are digested to _____ _____ and ___ ______

A

Proteins are digested to amino acids and short peptides

28
Q

What is an endopeptidase?

What is an example?

A

Endopenetidases are responsible for breaking peptide bonds within an amino acid chain

Pepsin

29
Q

What is an exopeptidase?

What is an example?

A

An exopeptidase is any peptidase that catalyzes the cleavage of the terminal (or the penultimate) peptide bond; the process releases a single amino acid or dipeptide from the peptide chain

Carboxypeptidases

30
Q

Which cells are responsible for the secretion of Pepsin

A

Chief cells

31
Q

What activates the chief cells?

A

acid pH (about 2), produced in stomach by H+ secretion from parietal cells - stimulated by Gastrin

32
Q

From what is Trypsin secreted?

A

pancreas yo

33
Q

What activates trypsin, chymotrypsinogen and procarboxypeptidase?

A

CCK - released from the duodenum enteroendocrine cells

34
Q

How do single AAs cross the apical membrane?

A

via Na+ transporters

also cross the basolateral membrane via Na+ transporters

35
Q

How do di-and tr-peptides cross the apical membrane?

A

via H+ coupled transporters

usually broken to AA’s within the cells consequently

36
Q

Fats are broken by ______ in the mouth

A

lipase

37
Q

You need ___to absorb the fats.

How does ____ help?

A

Bile

Bile salts coat fat droplets and together with mixing motility emulsify them.

38
Q

What is the role of secretin?

A

Secretin is a hormone that both controls the environment in the duodenum by regulating secretions of the stomach and pancreas, and regulates water homeostasis throughout the body.

39
Q

What is the role of cholecytokinin?

A

CCK is a peptide hormone of the gastrointestinal system responsible for stimulating the digestion of fat and protein. Cholecystokinin, is synthesized by I-cells in the mucosal epithelium of the small intestine and secreted in the duodenum, the first segment of the small intestine, and causes the release of digestive enzymes and bile from the pancreas and gallbladder, respectively.

Physiology & Pharmacology (9 decks)

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