Type/ Nature of Crime

Question 1

Main type of crime in Medieval era

Answer 1

Theft
(Due to huge poverty)

Question 2

4 main types of crime in Medieval era

Answer 2

Theft
Murder
Receiving stolen goods
Arson/ treason/ other

Question 3

Following the Norman Conquest from 1066 in the Medieval Era, what was the definition of a criminal

Answer 3

Someone who had disturbed the King’s Peace
E.g treason, revolt, blasphemy, heresy, sheltering criminals

Question 4

Under the Norman laws towards the end of the Medieval Era (from 1066) what key offences were highlighted
(They involved ‘disturbing the king’s peace’)

Answer 4

Treason, revolt, sheltering criminals, heresy, blasphemy
(Any against authority (the crown/ church))

Question 5

What is blasphemy

Answer 5

Arguing with or insulting the religion

Question 6

6 crimes specific to the Medieval era

Answer 6

Hunting (Forest Laws- trees can’t be cut down for certain things, deer can’t be hunted)
Scolding
Vagrancy (more common after Black Death in 1340s)
Treason
Outlaw gangs
Heresy
Several serious rebellions against authority e,g peasants revolt 1381

Question 7

3 main types of crime in 16th/ 17th century

Answer 7

Vagrancy
Heresy
Treason

Question 8

Why vagrancy was a main type of crime in 16th/ 17th century

Answer 8

Increase in poverty meant more people wandering from place to place without a home or job.
E.g Angler, Abraham Man, Doxy

Question 9

Why heresy was a main type of crime in the 16th/17th century

Answer 9

Reformation if the church in 1533 led to the official religion continuously being switched causing religious disputes.
Therefore it was considered heresy (a crime) if anyone didn’t follow the official religion, especially under the reign of Mary 1 who burned 300 people at the stake

Question 10

Why was treason a main type of crime in the 16th and 17th century

Answer 10

Henry V111 issued a Treason Law in 1534:
Anyone who displayed support for the Pope/ wrote things against the King, his wife or heirs/ said the beliefs of the King went against the teachings of the church/ said the King was using his power unjustly/ kept silent when questioned on what rights the King had=

Found guilty of treason

Question 11

When was the Treason Law issued and who by

Answer 11

1534
Henry V111

(Made lots of things treasonable)

Question 12

3 Main types of crime in 18th/ 19th century

Answer 12

Highway Robbery
Smuggling
Crimes specific to Industrial Revolution e.g Luddism (machine breaking), swing riots (agricultural labourers set fire to hayricks and smashed machines)

Question 13

What is smuggling

Answer 13

Crime of secretly importing or exporting goods in order to avoid paying customs duties

Question 14

Key reason for increase of smuggling in 18th and 19th century

Answer 14

High demand (due to smuggled goods being cheaper)
Employment (still high levels of poverty so it gave people a chance to earn some money)
Insufficient policing (was relatively easy to do)

Question 15

Smuggling in the 18th/ 19th century was dominated by large gangs who operated along the south coast of England. How many individuals did each gang employ

Answer 15

50-100

Question 16

5 key roles within each smuggling gang in 18th/ 19th century

Answer 16

Venturer (investor)
Spotsman (direct ship to shore)
Lander (arrange unloading of smuggled cargo)
Tubsman (carry the goods)
Batsman (protect Tubsman)

Question 17

2 key types of Highway Robbery in 18th/ 19th century

Answer 17

Footpads (attack pedestrians)
Highwayman (ride on horses and attack stage coaches/ travellers on horse back)

Question 18

Why 18th century lead to increase highway robbery

Answer 18

Unpoliced roads
Increased travel (due to increase in population and Industrial Revolution)
Turnpike (improved) roads (more people travel on roads so more opportunity for highway robbery)
Limited banking (people carry cash with them)

Question 19

Why Highway Robbery declines by end of 19th century

Answer 19

Roads became much busier (harder to get away with crime)
Banknotes could be traced and cashed in
1805 London main roads guarded by horse patrol

Question 20

Who were Luddites and what crime did they commit

Answer 20

During 18th/19th century
Machine breakers (angry that their jobs had been replaced by machines following Industrial Revolution so broke into factories at night and sent letters asking factory owners to destroy machines as form of protest)

Question 21

True or false, the main type of crime significantly changed in 20th/ 21st century

Answer 21

True
Due to advances in transport and technology

Question 22

7 key types of crime in 20th/21st century

Answer 22

Computer crime/ cyber crime
Terrorism
Hate crimes
Hooliganism
Drug- related crime
Car crime
Gun and knife crime

Question 23

Common types of car crime in 20th/21st century

Answer 23

Joy riding (drive someone else’s car), car jacking (crash into someone else’s car so they get out then drive their car), car theft (e.g phones whilst cars stopped at traffic lights)

Question 24

2 key examples of cyber crimes in 20th and 21st century

Answer 24

Hacking and copyright

Question 25

What methods do terrorists use to push their political demands

Answer 25

Assassinations, killings, suicide bombings, hijackings etc
(Use of violence and intimidation)

Question 26

In 1996 over how many cars were stolen in the UK

Answer 26

Half a million

Question 27

2 crimes specific to Industrial Revolution

Answer 27

Luddism 1812-13: workers destroyed factory machines to protect about machines replacing their work and leaving them unemployed

Swing riots 1830-31: agricultural labourers set fire to hayricks (stacks of hay) and smashed machinery as form of anger about their poverty and farm machinery being introduced

Question 28

When did Luddism occur

Answer 28

1812-1813
(Early 1800s)

Question 29

When did Swing Riots occur

Answer 29

1830-31

Question 30

True or false, theft is a major type of crime across all time eras

Answer 30

True
Medieval era= hunting under the forest laws e.g hunting deer
18th and 19th century= highway robbery
20th and 21st century= car theft

Question 31

Smuggling is the crime of secretly…in order to avoid…

Answer 31

Importing or exporting good
Paying custom duties

Question 32

One reason highway robbery increased in the 18th century was due to increased travel as a result of the…

Answer 32

Industrial revolution

Question 33

5 key dates/ terms
What the forest laws were in the medieval era
Definition of criminal after Norman conquest
How many people are employed in each smuggling gang
When Luddism occurred
When swing riots occurred

Answer 33

Forest laws- anyone found cutting down trees for building/ fuel or found hunting deer would be punished
Following Norman Conquest, from 106b as criminal was defined as someone who had ‘disturbed the King’s peace’
Each smuggling gang employed 50-100 people
Luddism: 1812-1813
Swing riots:1830-31

Question 34

In the Medieval era what % of crimes are linked to manslaughter

Answer 34

20%

Question 35

Why did smuggling increase in 1700s and 1800s

Answer 35

Due to increased tax on goods and many people couldn’t afford them
(Wasn’t considered a crime due to large number of people that took part in it and because harsh taxes seemed too unfair)

Question 36

What was scolding (crime specific to medieval era)

Answer 36

Using offensive language in public

Question 37

Name for increased tax on goods in industrial era

Answer 37

Customs duties
Led to increase in smuggling

Question 38

Key example of terrorist attack

Answer 38

2017 Westminster Bridge
5 people killed