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american heritage > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Covenant Community

A

Pilgrims/Puritans migrants in the Americas for religious freedom
The anecdote (pg64, Roger Babson) of North America being more successful than South America because it was not settled in search of gold, but in search of God.

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2
Q

Corporate Community

A

The British that settled in America not in search of God, but in search of gold. They industrialized tobacco through slavery

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3
Q

The Mayflower Compact

A

An agreement made aboard the Mayflower by English separatists (Pilgrims) that committed the people and their rulers to pursue “the glory of God, and the Advancement of the Christian Faith, and the Honor of our King and Country.” It combines the religious outlook of the Pilgrims with their unique approach to civil government

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4
Q

Puritan view on Theocracy

A

Very opposed. They created an extremely republican environment that gave power to the government by the consent of the governed. Citizens could have equal standing with each other (and even run for office) regardless of their religious views, activity, or ecclesiastical sanctions

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5
Q

Author and main idea of “The 1620 Project”

A

Mark David Hall
In response to the 1619 project. The Mayflower Compact (Pilgrims) gave way to the most republican society ever established (by the later Puritans). The established society gave power to the government because of the consent of the governed and separated the state and church. Puritan’s supported Law of Nature/God’s law which states men have rights to liberty and propoerty, and right to defend them both when invaded

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6
Q

Author and main idea of “1619 Project”

A

Nikole Hannah-Jones
Outlines the details of how the founding fathers and other main characters of the nation’s founding were establishing a country of liberty/equality on the backs of black people. “‘Enslaved African-Americans have been the foremost freedom-fighters this country has produced.’ For generations, (blacks) have believed in this country with a faith that it did not deserve. Black people have seen the worst of America, yet, somehow, we still believe in its best.” Black people continue to have profound influence.

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7
Q

Conversation between Hannah-Jones and Hall

A

As a nation, we continue to find a single narrative that makes sense of our fundamental paradox, that a nation built on freedom depended for so long on the labor of people held in bondage.
We are left with two stories, one about God and one about gold.

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8
Q

State of Nature: Hobbes v Locke

A

Hobbes: We are equal and have equal capacity to murder. We are free. It’s a war of all against all

Locke: We are born equal and have equal ability to survive. We are free. Because we own the rights to our bodies, suicide gives the right to our life to nobody, it doesn’t make sense to Locke. Moral commitment binds us (In talking of covenants/social ties)

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9
Q

How Locke says we gain property

A

Applying your labor to public goods makes them your own

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10
Q

3 “Steps” of pragmatism

A
  1. Doubt
  2. Inquiry
  3. Habit/belief
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11
Q

Hall’s Thesis states that which group represent the “true” founding of the country

A

The Puritans

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12
Q

The Law of Nature definition

A

We are all free and have rights to self-preservation

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13
Q

What literature did the Puritans (and kind of the Pilgrims, too) base their societal systems on?

A

The Bible

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14
Q

Hannah-Jones’ Thesis has what two points?

A
  1. The nation was founded on “an ideal” of freedom
  2. The nation denied this ideal to so many that the freedom was “a lie”

She shows how slavery proved central to the rise of the great nation

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15
Q

Culture

A

The way society has solved problems before and the solutions have stuck around

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16
Q

Romer’s Rule

A

The fish that first walked on land did it to get to more water. Fish evolved to preserve their way of life rather than try some new unknown thing.

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17
Q

Author and main idea of “Moral Foundations”

A

Jonathan Haidt

Moral foundations and moral psychology

Our actions are based on our views held in each of the 5 moral foundations. Laws are then based on these universal foundations.

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18
Q

5 moral foundations

A

Care/harm
Fair/unfair
Authority/Rebellion
Pure/impure
Loyal/disloyal

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19
Q

What moral foundations are stronger with a liberal point of view?

A

Care/harm
Fair/unfair

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20
Q

W.E.I.R.D.

A

Western
Educated
Industrial
Rich
Democratic

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21
Q

W.E.I.R.D. vs non-W.E.I.R.D. views on morality

A

W.E.I.R.D. people see morals as individualistic. Non-W.E.I.R.D. people see morals as fulfilliment of responsibilities.

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22
Q

What primary question do social institutions answer?

A

“How do we ______ around here?”

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23
Q

What is a social institution?

A

Formal systems of shared behaviors, beliefs, and social norms that organize the major areas of social life

Social institutions formalize the moral commitments of the society. Moral commitments shape individual behavior while social institutions shape collective behavior

24
Q

5 most common social institutions

A

FREEG
Family
Religion
Education
Economy
Government

25
Q

What practice “invented” race and therefore racism

A

Slavery

26
Q

New World slavery is dinstinguished and called what?

A

“Race Slavery”

27
Q

What group got along relatively well with African slaves?

A

Those who had been indentured servants

28
Q

Author and main idea of “The Making of New World Slavery”

A

Robin Blackburn

Due to primarily economic drives, slavery in the colonies was vastly different from slavery of other times, “old-world slavery”. It transferred slavery from a social status to a racial status. African slaves were the ideal fit (although expensive) for European-American farm owners

29
Q

The dichotomy of human motivation from Plato to the late sixteenth century

A

Passion and reason

30
Q

Why was the doctrine of interest accepted in its time?

A

It seemed to draw on the better nature of passion and reason, the believed compasses of human action

31
Q

Of the three passions, which one is seen as keeping which two in check?

A

Lust of money and possesions (economic interests) are seen as keeping the lust of power and sexual lust in check

32
Q

According the Montesquieu, what is the key to peace?

A

Commerce

33
Q

Author and Main idea of “The Wealth of Nations”

A

Adam Smith

People working together accomplish much more and are more secure than those who work individually. Promoting commerce and labor among a society is key to prospering and growing.

The butcher, the brewer, and the baker

34
Q

Author and main idea of “The Passions and the Interests”

A

Albert Hirschman

Analyze the evolution of the word “interest”

35
Q

Who is considered the father of economics and “inventor” of capitalism?

A

Adam Smith

36
Q

What moral foundation does the love of money violate?

A

Fair/unfair

also kind of authority/rebellion because we think we don’t need God

37
Q

What deadly sin is the root of others?

A

Avarice/Love of money

38
Q

What is Smith’s invisible hand?

A

By pursuing our own interests, we influence market prices. We move the economy and science forward by all pursuing self-interest better than the society would move forward if regulated by one central entity

39
Q

What would Smith say to Hobbes?

A

We might be a better society is formed when we don’t have an authority to ensure it

If we arrange our social institutions correctly, we might get a good society spontaneously (meaning freedom and order might be consistent)

40
Q

What is the rule of law?

A

A concept that provides a way of distinguishing cases when the law supports freedom and cases when it does not. It is not a law, but a set of metalegal principles that ensure the law is be a beacon of liberty.

41
Q

5 essential elements of the rule of law

A

Generality
Prospectivity
Publicity
Consent
Due Process

42
Q

Definition of Rule of Law: Generality

A

The law cannot target a specific group of people unless they can choose to be the described group. Equality under the written law. Has to do with how the law if written.
Ex. I place myself into the category of driver when I get into my car.

43
Q

Definition of Rule of Law: Prospectivity

A

The law cannot punish those who did something in the past. Ex. All those who did not vote two years ago will be punished by…

44
Q

Definition of Rule of Law: Publicity

A

The law must be well-known and certain. It cannot be kept secret or selectively enforced.

45
Q

Definition of Rule of Law: Consent

A

The law has to be accepted by those who will live it. This is usually done by voters choosing their lawmakers

46
Q

Definition of Rule of Law: Due Process

A

Established procedures to ensure that everyone is given a fair trial, an adequate defense, and, if found guilty, a reasonable punishment. Justice must be blind and administered impartially. Has to do with the way the laws are enforced.

47
Q

Author and main idea of “The Rule of Law”

A

Frank Fox and Clayne Pope

This essay shows the the 5 main principles of “the rule of law” and how they are tied to the colonies relation with England

48
Q

Fox and Pope’s explanation on natural law and natural rights as taught by the greeks and romans

A

People’s innate sense of right and wrong reflects “natural law.” This law protects “natural rights.”

49
Q

Define Tacit consent

A

You didn’t sign the constitution, but you live here, you go to public school, you use the mail system, etc. so you tacitly consented.

50
Q

What is the idea behind “the butcher, the brewer, and the baker?”

A

Each one is acting of their own self-interest when making and selling their goods, not out of benevolence. By all people acting in their self-interest, the society will progress positively.

51
Q

Pragmatism involves this line
problem->solution->belief/habit

Pippin says what two things should follow belief?

A

->question->create a new belief or justify an old one

52
Q

Author and main idea of “Social Institutions”

A

Naomi Braine

Shows the what, why, and how of social institutions. Explains how norms are representations of values which are implemented into social institutions.

53
Q

Define collective action problem

A

A problem that REQUIRES multiple people to solve

54
Q

Author and main idea of “Possessive individualism”

A

Matt McManus

If we agree with Locke, and whatever we create is our own, then there is a problem with capitalism. The solution Locke proposed is contracts. But McManus sees that capitalism diminishes community because we all work for ourselves.

Ex. Every worker that helped build Trump tower has put labor into that, but Trump owns it all

55
Q

Does Locke’s idea of social contracts/governments aim to increase or diminish liberties?

A

Increase

56
Q

What 3 things does a Lockean government protect?

A

Life
Liberty
Property

57
Q

What does Locke say binds us?

A

Moral commitments

american heritage (4 decks)

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