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bio second sem > ecology > Flashcards

ecology Flashcards

1
Q

more edge means

A

less equal habitat

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2
Q

every person has DDT (insectiside) in what cells

A

fat

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3
Q

33% of all amphibian species are threatened with

A

extinction after the industrial revolution

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4
Q

what are endemic species

A

species found only in a particular region

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5
Q

4 causes for biodiversity loss

A

habitat destruction, disease, introduced species, and direct exploitation

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6
Q

coral bleaching and loss of reefs why?

A

bleaching- acidification and warming reefs- disease

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7
Q

what is one of the conservation efforts

A

keystone species- prarie dogs

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8
Q

what is the meaning of oikos and ology

A

oikos- home
ology-knowledge

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9
Q

what are the biomes

A

terrestrial-subtropical desserts, temperate grasslands, temperate forest, taiga, and tundra

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10
Q

light penetrates farther

A

in freshwater rather than seawater

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11
Q

why should we care that a nuclear reactor melts

A

contaminated every fish we get from the coast

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12
Q

what does atrazine do

A

kills weeds but its in our water!!

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13
Q

resilience

A

how or if ecosystem bounces back- low resilience it will never come back

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14
Q

resistance

A

how much its affected by disturbance

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15
Q

keystone species

A

hold habitats together, not many but if taken out- ecosystem crashes.

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16
Q

what defines a biome

A

habitat area is defined by their vegetation

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17
Q

what does temperate mean

A

varie- cool dry winters, hot summers

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18
Q

neritic zone

A

intertidal zone-neritic- oceanic
one of the ocean zones

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19
Q

temperate grassland and temperate forests are essentially the same but what is the difference

A

temperate grass land has more rain

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20
Q

details of cascade mountains

A

west- moisture lade, rain falls-air rises over mountains and cools, east- dry air creates desert conditions

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21
Q

littoral zone

A

leaf zone- near trees
emerged plants “little plants”

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22
Q

limnetic zone

A

lake zones horizontal-open water, after littoral

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23
Q

photic zone

A

light zone- vertical

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24
Q

aphotic zone

A

no light- under photic still vertical

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25
Q

benthic zone

A

bottom

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26
Q

when looking at aquatic world were not looking at vegetation

A

were looking at physical factors-influenced by surrounding biome

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27
Q

intertidal zone

A

between the tides- neritic zone, scuba diver

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28
Q

estuary

A

where freshwater meets saltwater

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29
Q

fresh water- such as lakes

A

(lentic) still water

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30
Q

streams and rivers

A

lotic- flowing water

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31
Q

lake zones

A

littoral, close to shore-small fish
limnetic- away from shore -bigger fish and phytoplankton

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32
Q

proximate behavior

A

“how” explanation -signal triggers response. askking a girl out at the bar- how? he thinks shes cute

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33
Q

ultimate behavior

A

“why” explanation of behavior or increase fitness (passing on ones genes) why? to start a family

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34
Q

fixed action patterns

A

“computer program” innate behavior- behavioral reflex- born with it

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35
Q

behavior is more like

A

innate and learned

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36
Q

optimality

A

theoretically an animal will evolve to behave in the most optimal way- highest benefits for least cost

37
Q

optimality in crabs

A

crabs eat muscles- larger muscles use more energy to open and small ones dont provide enough energy so choose one in the middle- optimal

38
Q

sexual selection

A

form of evolution that promotes traits to increase an organisms mating success

39
Q

intrasexual

A

members of one sex COMPETE over partners with the winner performing most of the matings

40
Q

intersexual

A

member of one sex CHOOSES mate based on particular characteristics

41
Q

polygyny

A

one male mates with many females

42
Q

polyandry

A

one female mates with many males

43
Q

what can be expressed as Br > C, where
B is the fitness benefit to the beneficiary, r is the
coefficient of relatedness, and C is the fitness cost
to the actor.

A

hamiltons rule

44
Q

hamiltons rule states that altruisitc behavior is more likely when

A
  1. The fitness benefits of altruistic behavior are high for the recipient.
  2. The altruist and recipient are close relatives.
  3. The fitness costs to the altruist are low
45
Q

inclusive fitness

A

-genetic success is from altruistic behavior

46
Q

kin selection

A

natural selection that acts through
benefits,sel- sacrifical behavior, to relatives and results in increased indirect
fitness.

47
Q

reciprocal altruism (nonkin)

A

an exchange of fitness benefits
that are separated in time. tit for tat

48
Q

fecundity

A

number of offspring per
individual

49
Q

high fecundity ..

A

low survivorship

50
Q

r selected species

A

high rate of population growth but poor competitive ability(weeds)

51
Q

k selected species

A

low reproductive rate but better competitors (trees), (human)

52
Q

type 1 survivorship curve

A

rate of loss of juveniles low and
most individuals lost later in life-high survivorship

53
Q

type 2 survivorship

A

fairly uniform death rate

54
Q

type 3 survivorship

A

rate of loss for juveniles high and
then loss low for survivors

55
Q

human growth fits what type of pattern

A

exponential

56
Q

the US has less people than china but what do we produce more of

A

ecological footprint per person

57
Q

less developed countries have a higher what

A

population

58
Q

as r increases

A

population grows more rapidly

59
Q

difference between predation and commensalism

A

predation- + effect on one but - effect on the other. Commensalism- + effect on one and no effect on the other.

60
Q

what is amensalism

A

negative effect on one with no effect on the other

61
Q

intraspecific

A

same species

62
Q

interspecific

A

between species

63
Q

fundamental niche

A

what a population is capable of using- food water habitat

64
Q

realized niche

A

what a population actually uses

65
Q

examples of antipredator strategies

A

chemical defense(newt)
cryptic coloration
mimicry
fighting and defense

66
Q

types of mimicry

A

mullerian mimicry- toxic species similar- venomous
pattern(bees)
Batesian mimicry – Palatable mimic cheats- warning signal

67
Q

invasive species have no natural

A

predators

68
Q

alpha diversity

A

Diversity at a particular
site

69
Q

beta diversity

A

Diversity between sites

70
Q

gamma diversity

A

combines both beta and alpha

71
Q

what would happen if the earths axis was not tilted

A

no seasons

72
Q

with increasing biodiversity there is increased ecosystem

A

resilience and resistance

73
Q

what is considered a non marine zone

A

littoral

74
Q

example of lotic

A

missouri river

75
Q

whales are examples of

A

nekton- heterotrophic, swim

76
Q

example of intersexual selection

A

male peacocks have large tails with several colors- choosing

77
Q

optimal foraging theory

A

individuals balance costs and benefits when selecting a nest site

78
Q

food chain

A

linear depiction of energy flow

79
Q

each feeding level in a chain is called what

A

trophic level

80
Q

trophic level transfer efficiency

A

energy from the above trophic level is incoorperated into biomass

81
Q

low trophic level transfer efficiency for 2 reasons

A

many organisms cannot digest all prey
much assimilated energy lost as heat

82
Q

biomagnification

A

concentration of toxins in an ogranism from digesting other plants or animals

83
Q

competitors

A

negative effect on both

84
Q

predator

A

positive effect on 1- negative on the other

85
Q

mutualism

A

both have a positive effect

86
Q

amensalism

A

negative effect on one and no effect on the other

87
Q

parasitism

A

negative effect on one and positive effect on the other

88
Q

resource partitioning

A

the division of resources to avoid interspecific competition for limited resources in an ecosystem.

89
Q
A

bio second sem (4 decks)

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