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Human Systems > Neck > Flashcards

Neck Flashcards

1
Q

What divides the neck anteriorly and posteriorly

A

STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID

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2
Q

What is the neck

A

The junction between head and thorax

Superior limit is mandible and base of skull

Inferior limit is the thoracic inlet

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3
Q

Where is the thoracic inlet

A

Lies through the first rib and is higher posteriorly than anterior. It is bounded by the first thoracic vertebra posteriorly, first ribs laterally and the manubrium anteriorly

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4
Q

What is another name for the thoracic inlet

A

Superior thoracic aperture

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5
Q

What are the proximal and distal attachments in the neck

A

PROXIMAL
-mastoid process

DISTAL
-sternum and clavicle

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6
Q

Where poses a risk of damage to the facial nerve due to an absence of this at birth

A

Mastoid process - starts to grow about the age of 1, prominent at about the age of 2 and continues until the first permanent teeth appear at about 6yrs old

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7
Q

Where does the blood from the internal jugular vein lead

A

internal jugular
subclavian
brachiocephalic
superior vena cava
right atrium
right ventricle
lungs

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8
Q

What are the boundaries of the anterior triangle

A

Sternocleidomastoid muscle​

The midline​

The lower border​ of the mandible

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9
Q

What are the boundaries of the posterior triangle

A

Sternocleidomastoid​

Trapezius muscle​

Middle third of ​the clavicle

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10
Q

What muscles are found within the anterior triangle

A

MYLOHYOID – forms the floor of the mouth like a hammock. Arises from the mandible and attaches onto the hyoid bone. It raises the hyoid bone and floor of mouth

ANT. BELLY OF DIAGSTRIC – One of two muscles (posterior one also). Arises from mandible and passes to the mastoid process. It pulls down the mandible and raises the hyoid bone

STRAP MUSCLES – named after where they attach. These depress the hyoid bone and also the larynx, or pull it down, during swallowing (deglutition) and speaking

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11
Q

What skeletal elements would you find in the anterior triangle

A

THYROID CARTILAGE – Largest of the laryngeal cartilages​

CRICOID CARTILAGE – Below the thyroid cartilage just above the trachea​

HYOID BONE​

TRACHEA

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12
Q

What supplies the thyroid gland

A

Superior and inferior thyroid arteries

superior - external carotid
inferior - thyrocervical trunk

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13
Q

What are the 3 single laryngeal cartilages

A

Thyroid
Cricoid - complete ring
Epiglottis - elastic

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14
Q

What are the paired laryngeal cartilages

A

Arytenoid
Corniculate
Cuneiform

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15
Q

What glands are found in the anterior triangle

A

Thyroid gland
Parathyroid gland
Submandibular gland

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16
Q

What type of gland is the thyroid gland

A

Endocrine - secretes hormones into the bloodstream

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17
Q

How can the thyroid gland be examined clinically

A

Asking the patient to swallow, when lightly pressing on the neck from behind the patient, will allow you to see if it is enlarged

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18
Q

What is the pyramidal lobe

A

Embryological remnant of where the thyroid gland developed from in the floor of the mouth – at the foramen caecum of the tongue

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19
Q

What connects the two lobes of the thyroid gland

A

Isthmus (narrow piece of tissue between 2 larger parts of a structure)

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20
Q

What is the purpose of thyroid hormones

A

Raise the basal metabolic rate, influences synthesis of proteins, and are responsible for nerve growth/development. They are essential for the development of cells in the body

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21
Q

What hormones does the thyroid gland secrete

A

T3 and T4

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22
Q

How does PTH increase blood calcium

A

PTH increases blood calcium by:​

Increasing absorption from the gut​

Increasing absorption from the kidney​

Increased activity of osteoblasts – break down bone and release calcium.​

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23
Q

What percentage of the popn have more than 4 parathyroid glands

A

5%

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24
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands

A

Located on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland and appear flat and oval in shape

Superior x 2 – found roughly in the middle of the posterior border of the thyroid lobes

Inferior x 2 – at inferior poles of thyroid gland, although can be a little variable

24
Q

What nerves are found in the anterior triangle

A

Vagus
Phrenic
Hypoglossal

25
Q

What does the vagus nerve control and give sense to

A

Motor – innervates the muscles of the larynx, pharynx and soft palate​

Parasympathetic – smooth muscle of the trachea, bronchi (slows breathing), slows heart rate and increases gut motility​

Special sensory fibres – innervation for taste sensation in the epiglottis and root of the tongue​

General sensory – internal aspect of larynx and the ear canal. Also provides visceral sensory innervation to the heart and abdominal structures

26
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve supply and what does it anchor to the heart

A

Found in the anterior triangle

C3 – 5​
Supplies the diaphragm​
Used to be surgically divided as a treatment for T.B

Motor to innervate the skeletal muscle of the diaphragm.​

Sensory innervation to the diaphragm also, specifically the central tendon, as well as the layer around the heart called the pericardium. This structure anchors the heart to the diaphragm

27
Q

What vessels are found within the anterior triangle

A

Common carotid artery
Jugular veins

28
Q

What nerves are found in the posterior triangle

A

Accessory
Parts of brachial plexus
Cutaneous cervical nerves

29
Q

What is the purpose of the sternocleidomastoid muscle

A

Lateral flexion of neck when acting on its own and flexion of neck when acting both left and right sides

30
Q

What supplies the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius

A

Accessory nerve

31
Q

What are the sections of the trapezius

A

It is divided into three parts – upper, middle and lower fibres. The upper fibres elevate the scapula, and also rotate during abduction of the arm. Middle fibres pull back the scapula (retraction) and lower fibres go inferiorly

32
Q

Where is the brachial plexus found

A

Posterior triangle

C5 - T1

33
Q

What are lymph nodes

A

Small oval to bean shaped structures

They filter lymph

Offer defence against the spread of infection

Returned to larger veins

Many sites of lymph nodes

34
Q

What do the superficial lymph nodes do

A

Drain face, neck and scalp and pass to the superficial ring of lymph nodes at the junction of head and neck

35
Q

Where do the deep lymph nodes drain to

A

Deep cervical lymph nodes. Left jugular lymphatic trunk passes to the thoracic duct ->left subclavian vein​

Right jugular lymphatic trunk passes to the right subclavian vein

36
Q

What is the purpose of the brachial plexus

A

Sensory and motor innervation to the upper limb

37
Q

What are the terminal branches of the brachial plexus

A

Musculocutaneous, axillary, median, ulnar, radial nerves

38
Q

When may the brachial plexus be commonly injured

A

Upper roots can be damaged during child birth while lower ones can be torn during overstretching of the opper limv e.g. falling and reaching to grab something to save you

39
Q

What is torticollis

A

Excess contraction or shortening of sternocleidomastoid

40
Q

What nerve supplies the diaphragm

A

Phrenic nerve

Motor to diaphragm and sensory to the mediastinal pleura

41
Q

What are the nerve roots of the phrenic nerve

A

C3-5

42
Q

Why is the phrenic nerve no longer sectioned for TB

A

Paralysis of the diaphragm resulted in excessive secretions in the lung due to poor respiration resulting in pneumonia

43
Q

What are the two main branches of the common carotid artery

A

External and internal

44
Q

Where does the internal carotid artery supply

A

The brain

45
Q

At what cervical level does the common carotid artery bifurcate

A

approx C4/5

46
Q

Why does stenosis occur at the bifurcation

A

Due to the change of direction of blood hitting against the superior aspect of the split damaging the intimal lining

47
Q

What does the hypoglossal nerve supply

A

Genioglossus, hypoglossus and styloglossus

48
Q

When may the hypoglossal nerve be partially sectioned toreinnervate another nerve close by

A

Facial paralysis less than 1 year unresolved

49
Q

What problem occurs when partially sectioning the hypoglossal nerve

A

Contraction of both facial and tongue muscles

50
Q

What type of gland is the thyroid gland

A

Endocrine

51
Q

What is the arterial supply of the thyroid gland

A

Superior and inferior thyroid arteries

52
Q

What comprises the ‘strap’ muscles

A

Sternohoid, thyrohoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid

53
Q

What is the function of the strap muscles

A

Depression of the hyoid bone in swallowing

54
Q

What is the function of the diagastric muscle

A

Opens the jaw

55
Q

Where does the submandibular gland open into the oral cavity

A

Opposite the lingual frenulum

56
Q

What does the vagus nerve supply

A

Pharyngeal musculature and parasympathetic innervation to the heart, lungs and GI tract

57
Q

What are the main branches of the vagus nerve

A

Superior laryngeal and the recurrent laryngeal nerves

58
Q

What nerve fibres types are in the vagus nerve

A

Motor and parasympathetic

Human Systems (34 decks)

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