Human Health + Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Ingestion/eating

A

Food is taken in by the body

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2
Q

Digestion

A

Food is broken down here

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3
Q

Absorption

A

Digested food passes into the bloodstream

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4
Q

Assimilation

A

Using the food in the cells of the body

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5
Q

Elimination

A

Getting rid of undigestedfood

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6
Q

Physical digestion

A

Mouth with your teeth and stomach with your churning

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7
Q

Chemical digestion

A

Uses enzymes to break down food

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8
Q

Enzymes

A

Are chemicals that sped up reactions without being used up in the reaction

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9
Q

Enzymes

A

Act on a substrate and breaks it down into a product

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10
Q

Example

A

Substrate = starch , enzyme = amylase (saliva) , product = maltose (sugar)

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11
Q

Plasma

A

Liquid part of the blood
Pale yellow -mostly water
Function : to transport chemicals and heat
-chemicals (useful) : food , hormones
- chemicals (waste) : CO2, salts , urea
- heat : generated from chemical reactions , transported around to maintain 37 degrees Celsius

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12
Q

Red blood cells

A

Round, flattened discs, curve inward near centre
• Small, no nucleus, formed in bone marrow
• Very numerous – approx 5million per drop blood
• Function : transport oxygen to cells
• Red colour comes from haemoglobin
they contain.
• Haemoglobin picks up oxygen in the lungs
• It later releases it in other parts - e.g. muscle

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13
Q

Whit blood cells

A

Larger than Red Blood Cells but fewer in number
• No definite shape – shape can change
• They are also made in the bone marrow
• Function : to fight infection
• Some can surround micro-organisms and destroy them
• Others produce proteins called antibodies
• Antibodies help to destroy micro-organisms such as bacteria

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14
Q

Platelets

A

Smaller than red or white blood cells
• They are formed in the bone marrow
• They are formed from larger cells breaking down into pieces
• Function: help to form blood clots
• When a blood vessel is injured, platelets help to form a clot
• Clotting prevents loss of blood, and prevents micro- organisms getting in
• Clots are temporary barriers while repair and healing is taking place

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15
Q

System of tubes + pump

A

Blood being a fluid, needs tubes in which to flow
• These tubes are called blood vessels
• They come in three main types:
– Arteries
– Veins
– Capillaries
• Good blood flow requires the aid of a good pump
• In the human circulatory system this pump is the heart
• In an average lifetime, the heart beats more than 2.5 billion times, without ever pausing to rest

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16
Q

Arteries

A

Blood being a fluid, needs tubes in which to flow
• These tubes are called blood vessels
• They come in three main types:
– Arteries
– Veins
– Capillaries
• Good blood flow requires the aid of a good pump
• In the human circulatory system this pump is the heart
• In an average lifetime, the heart beats more than 2.5 billion times, without ever pausing to rest

17
Q

Veins

A

• Carry blood BACK to the heart
• Flow of blood is weaker and pressure is low
• Vein walls are thinner and weaker than artery walls
• Pressure is low, so there is a danger of backward flow of blood, especially when flow direction is against gravity
• Valves in veins at regular intervals, allow blood to flow forwards, but prevent reverse flow
• All veins (except pulmonary vein) carry deoxygenated blo

18
Q

Capillaries

A

• These are tiny blood vessels
• There are a huge number of them in the body
• Capillaries are found between arteries and veins
• Capillaries have very thin walls which allow materials to pass in and out with the surrounding cells and tissue.

19
Q

The heart

A

Is an organ about the size of a clenched fist
• Function: pumps blood around the body
• It pumps blood by contracting periodically
• Cardiac muscle provides the contraction
• Unlike regular muscle, cardiac muscle doesn’t tire easily
• Resting heart rate in adults is about 72 bpm(beats per minute)
• In exercise, the heart beats faster, so that the blood can carry chemicals faster around the body e.g. Oxygen

20
Q

Pulse rates

A

• When the heart contracts, it squeezes blood into the arteries under pressure.
• As blood flows down the arteries, surges of pressure can be felt where the arteries are close to the surface
• Areas where it can be felt are:
– Atthewrist
– Innerarmnearelbowjoint – Atthesidesoftheneck
• A surge of blood felt at these locations is called a pulse
• The pulse rate is at the same pace as the heart rate

21
Q

Ingredients for engery

A

• We’ve learned in digestion that food is absorbed into our bloodstream and carried around to all the cells in our body!
• The process that releases energy from this food is RESPIRATION.

22
Q

Respiration is the release of energy from food.

A

• The equation for respiration in words is:
• Glucose + Oxygen Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

23
Q

Type of respiration

A

• Aerobic Respiration needs oxygen to release energy from food.

24
Q

Type of respiration

A

Anaerobic Respiration does not use oxygen to release energy from food.

25
Q

How does oxygen get to our lungs

A

Oxygen is carried by the haemoglobin in red blood cells to all other cells of the body.

26
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Takes place in ALL the living cells in the body as well as in most animal and plant
cells.

27
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

Some living things can get energy from food without using oxygen.

28
Q

Remember

A

Much less energy is released from food by Anaerobic Respiration than by Aerobic Respiration.

29
Q

Examples of anaerobic respiration

A

Yeast converts sugars to alcohol in “Fermentation” – this produces alcohol for drinks such as beers and wine!

30
Q

See for yourself

A

• Have you ever noticed what happens when you breathe on glass??
• Yes as you can see from your experiment water vapour forms on it!
• We can make sure this is water by using cobalt chloride paper

31
Q

Did you know

A

• When you get a cramp whilst exercising it is caused by the acid that your cells produce when they respire anaerobically (without oxygen).

the only reason they do this is because your body needs to produce so much energy while you exercise that not enough oxygen reaches the cells on time.
To try to sort this out you start breathing fast and get out of breath as your lungs are trying to take in as much oxygen as possible!!

32
Q

Breathing

A

• As you can see from the Equation Oxygen and food are the two important things our cells need to give us energy.
• We’ve learned how the food gets to our cells by digestion.
• The oxygen gets to our cells by breathing!

33
Q

Nose and mouth

A

• These are the openings the air can enter through!

34
Q

Pharynx

A

• These are the openings the air can enter through!

35
Q

Trachea

A

This is the tube that leads into your lungs.
• It is very strong and is kept open by Rings of Cartilage.
• If we didn’t have rings of cartilage what do you think might happen??

36
Q

Bronchus

A

• As we have two lungs our Trachea divides to branch into each one.

37
Q

Bronchioles

A

• To spread out through all our lungs the bronchi break up to even smaller little branches called BRONCHIOLES.

38
Q

Alveoli

A

The final place the air we breathe in goes to in our lung is the ALVEOLI.