Intro to cases that block to PDNB with no localising signs

Question 1

List 3 things we look at when assessing foot conformation

Answer 1

size, shape ans symmetry of feet
contraction of heel bulbs
hoof balance

Question 2

Describe how the normal horse foot should land

Answer 2

flat not toe/ heel / side first

Question 3

what does straight trot allow you to asses

Answer 3

most useful for assessing lameness

Question 4

what does trot on lunge allow us to see

Answer 4

lameness usually worse on inside and on hard

Question 5

List 8 structures that the palmar digital nerve block always numbs

Answer 5

Sole
Heel bulbs
Palmar & distal P3
Navicular bone
Navicular bursa
Distal DDFT
Impar ligament
Palmar DIP joint

Question 6

where do we perform a palmar digital nerve block

Answer 6

where pastern meets the heel bulbs

Question 7

List 6 structures that the palmar digital nerve block variably numbs

Answer 7

Dorsal P3
Dorsal laminae
Dorsal DIP joint
Collateral ligaments of coffin joint
Distal P2
Collateral cartilages

Question 8

List 11 possible differentials for
Horse where lameness blocks to the foot with no localising signs

Answer 8

DIP joint OA
Navicular bone degeneration
Navicular bursitis
Fracture of P3 or navicular bone
DDF Tendonitis
Impar ligament desmitis
DIP collateral ligament desmitis
Hoof imbalance
Subchondral cystic lesion
Pedal osteitis
Mineralisation of lateral cartilage

Question 9

what first line in diagnostic imaging for:
Horse where lameness blocks to the foot with no localising signs

Answer 9

Radiography

Question 10

what can ultrasound be used to asses in cases
of Horse where lameness blocks to the foot with no localising signs

Answer 10

limited access to soft tissue structure
Can see:
- Proximal end of coffin joint collateral ligaments
- DDFT between heel bulbs
- Insertion of DDFT through frog

Question 11

what is the gold standard for imaging the equine foot

Answer 11

MRI

Question 12

what is CT good at looking at in equine foot

Answer 12

excellent bone definition
Soft tissues & cartilage when IV contrast added

Question 13

List 4 things we look at to assess hoof balance

Answer 13

hoof pastern angle
Load bearing- radiographs
angle of distal phalanx sole
Latero medial- should be even

Question 14

Describe how we can manage hoof imbalances in foals

Answer 14

farrier - lots of alteration is possible because they are growing

Question 15

Describe how to manage hoof imbalance in adult horses

Answer 15

limited alteration possible
can create additional lameness
takes several shoeings
foot must land flat

Question 16

what can subchondral cystic lesions be secondary to

Answer 16

osteochondrosis
traumatic- part of OA

Question 17

describe pedal osteitis

Answer 17

Irregular lysis of solar margin of distal phalanx

Question 18

what causes pedal osteitis

Answer 18

Occurs following chronic pressure or inflammation within hoof
- e.g. repeated concussion / chronic laminitis

Question 19

what is crena

Answer 19

normal symmetrical indentation at toe in horses

Question 20

what does pedal osteitis need to be differentiated from

Answer 20

crena
o tall take radiographs of non-affected foot and compare

Question 21

where do Mineralisation of co-Cartilage (sidebone) often occur

Answer 21

front feet of older heavier horses
common incidental finding

Question 22

when can Mineralisation of co- Cartilage (sidebone) cause lameness

Answer 22

during formation
if traumatised/ fractured