15/22/23

Question 1

Variation in the drug concentrations achieved by equivalent doses

Answer 1

inter-individual variation: Pharmacokinetics

Question 2

What is much more important cause of the inter-individual variation in drug response in clinical practice

Answer 2

Variation in the drug concentrations achieved by equivalent doses
inter-individual variation: Pharmacokinetics

Question 3

Factors affecting Individual variations in drug response

Answer 3

• Rates of drug absorption
• Rates of drug distribution
• Rates of elimination, either alteration in metabolism or excretion
• variety of drug interactions which may influence pharmacokinetic parameters
• Age
• The degree of plasma-protein binding

Question 4

The degree of plasma-protein binding influences what?

Answer 4

influences the distribution, action, metabolism and renal excretion of drugs.

Question 5

Variation in the response to equivalent drug concentrations arises because of various factors, such as:

Answer 5

1. differences in receptor number and structure
2. receptor-coupling mechanisms
3. and physiological changes in target organs resulting from differences in genetics, age and health.
4. sensitivity of receptors/enzyme targets to drug changed with age or disease

Question 6

result in altered responsiveness in drug
targets (e.g. receptor function) or (e.g. enzyme activity).

Answer 6

genetic polymorphisms

Question 7

Examples of personalized medicine

Answer 7

using targeted therapies to treat specific types of cancer cells, such as Trastuzumab HER2-positive breast cancer cells

Question 8

Acetylcholine from …… fibers

Answer 8

Cholinergic

Question 9

Ex of Cholinergic Receptors

Answer 9

Nicotinic (N)
Muscurinic

Question 10

Ex of Adrenergic Receptors

Answer 10

Alpha/Beta

Question 11

Alpha-1 receptors

Answer 11

• Vasoconstriction
• Mydriasis
• Contraction of the GIT &urethral sphincters
• Increase B.P

Question 12

Alpha-2 receptors are mainly ……

Answer 12

presynaptic

Question 13

Which receptor stimulation decreases nor adrenalin release

Answer 13

Alpha-2

Question 14

Beta-1 works mainly on?

Answer 14

Heart
(+) inotropic effect (^ force)
(+) chronotropic effect (^rate)

Question 15

Beta-2

Answer 15

bronchodilatation,
uterus, bladder & GIT wall relaxation
vasodilatation of B.Vs

Question 16

Steps of adrenergic transmission

Answer 16

Synthesis
Store in vesicles
Release
Binding to receptor
Degradation/metabolism
Reuptake

Question 17

Adrenaline is

Answer 17

Catecholamine Direct Adrenergic agonists SYMPATHOMIMETICS non-selective

Question 18

Noradrenaline is

Answer 18

Catecholamine Direct Adrenergic agonists SYMPATHOMIMETICS non-selective

Question 19

Dopamine

Answer 19

Catecholamine Direct Adrenergic agonists SYMPATHOMIMETICS non-selective
D1 (minimal doses)
ß1 (intermediate dose)
alpha1 (high dose)

Question 20

Phenylephrine is / act on which receptor?

Answer 20

Non-catecholamines Direct Adrenergic agonists SYMPATHOMIMETICS selective
Alpha1

Question 21

Albuterol is / act on which receptor?

Answer 21

Non-catecholamines Direct Adrenergic agonists SYMPATHOMIMETICS selective
Beta2

Question 22

Epinephrine release into the bloodstream brings about several physiological changes, such as:

Answer 22

• increased heart rate
• Broncho dilatation
• raised blood sugar levels
• increased strength and physical performance

Question 23

Epinephrine acts on the alpha- and beta-adrenoreceptors in the ?

Answer 23

muscles, lungs, heart, and blood vessels.

Question 24

Norepinephrine promotes what that causes what?

Answer 24

vasoconstriction, which is a narrowing of the blood vessels, and this increases blood pressure.

Question 25

Norepinephrine primarily acts on the ……adrenoreceptors in the blood vessels.

Answer 25

alpha 1

Question 26

Therapeutic uses of Epinephrine

Answer 26

1. anaphylactic shock (epinephrine is the drug of choice and can be life saving ) 2. Cardiac arrest

Question 27

Norepinephrine is used to treat ?

Answer 27

Shock

Question 28

Norepinephrine is used to treat shock because it

Answer 28

Because it increases peripheral vascular resistance and therefore increases blood pressure

Question 29

Adverse effects Epinephrine

Answer 29

1. CNS (anxiety, fear, tension, headache, and tremor). 2. cardiac arrhythmias 3. Hypertension

Question 30

Nor- Epinephrine Adverse effects

Answer 30

similar to epinephrine • In addition,  It is a potent vasoconstrictor and may cause sloughing of skin along an injected vein.

Question 31

If extravasation (leakage of drug from the vessel into tissues surrounding the injection site) occurs, it can cause

Answer 31

tissue necrosis

Question 32

Dopamine therapetic use

Answer 32

– Cardiogenic and septic shock

Question 33

α1receptors Example - used as?

Answer 33

Phenylephrine • Used as Nasal decongestants

Question 34

ALPHA 2 examples

Answer 34

CLONIDINE METHYLDOPA

Question 35

Clonidine effect?

Answer 35

Decrease blood pressure

Question 36

Methyldopa effect

Answer 36

– Decrease blood pressure – Used for pregnant with Gestational hypertension

Question 37

Beta 2 Agonist Drugs

Answer 37

Albuterol Salmeterol

Question 38

Albuterol management of ?

Answer 38

Acute asthma symptoms

Question 39

Salmeterol management of ?

Answer 39

Chronic asthma symptoms