15/6 2nd Sociology Exam Flashcards
Who proposed there was two roles for men and women in couples?
Parsons
What two roles did Parsons propose for men and women?
Expressive and Instrumental
Who argued that men are now taking a greater share of domestic tasks?
Young and Willmott
Who proposed conjugal roles?
Elizabeth Bott
What are Bott’s segregated conjugal roles?
When the couple have distinctly separate roles.
What are Bott’s joint conjugal roles?
The couple equally share tasks.
What did Young and Willmott find in their study of w/c couples in Bethnal Green?
Men were the breadwinners and women had housework and mothering m.
What view do Young and Willmott take?
March of progress.
What family type is Young and Willmott propose?
Symmetrical family
Why did Young and Willmott say there was a rise in nuclear symmetrical families?
- changes in women’s position
- geographically mobile
- new technology
- higher standards of living
Why do some feminists reject the march of progress view?
Men and women remain unequal.
How does Ann Oakley criticise Young and Willmott?
She says the symmetrical family is exaggerated.
What percentage of ‘symmetry’ did Ann Oakley find?
Housework: 15%
Childcare: 25%
What did May Bouton find about husband’s involvement in the family?
Recently it was less then 20%
What percentage of men claimed they did more housework than their own father?
60%.
How many times were women more likely to have been the last person to do the washing up?
30 times more likely.
Outline Oakley’s rise of the housewife?
Women are mostly in work that’s an extension of housework, still believe men’s work comes first.
How does Richard Wilkinson explain domestic abuse?
They say it’s caused by stress because in w/c households they’re is frustration because of social inequality.
What did Gershiny find about who women who did not work?
Wives who do not work do 83% of housework.
What did Gershiny find about couples whose parents had equal relationships?
Had equal roles like their parents.
How does Gershiny explain the trend towards equality?
Gradual.
How does Crompton say the change for women took place?
She says it was an economic change rather than a social change.
Who proposed the commercialisation of housework?
Silver and Schor
How was housework become commercialised according to Silver and Schor?
jobs that wives used to do are now sold as big products: washing machine and dishwashers.
What is the dual burden?
Women now do unpaid housework and paid employment work.
What did Fern and Smith find about the dual burden?
They found that more women being in work had no affect on the amount of housework they did.
What did Lydia Morris find about unemployed men’s views?
Because they lost their masculine role, they firmly believe women should do housework even if she is employed.
Who first proposed emotional work?
Hochschild.
What did Hochschild say emotion work was?
Caring and offering emotional support for the entire family.
What is the triple shift?
Paid work, unpaid work and emotional work.
Who proposed deeply ingrained gender scripts?
Dunne.
According to Dunne, what are gender scripts?
These are the expectations or norms that set out the different gender roles men and women in heterosexual couples are expected to play.
What did Dunne find in lesbian couples?
More symmetry.
What does Jeffery Weeks say about same sex relationships?
He argues that same sex relationships offer greater possibilities for equality because the division of labour is open to discussion.
What did Barrett and McIntosh discover about men’s financial work?
Men benefitted more from women’s unpaid housework than women benefitted for men’s financial work.
What did Kempson find about women in low income families?
They sacrifice their own needs for their kids.
What is pooling in reference to decision making and paid work?
Where both partners have access to the income and joint responsibility for expenditure.
What is an allowance system in reference to decision making and paid work?
Where men give their wives an allowance out of which they have a budget to keep.
What did Vogler see change in 1994 about pooling?
Pooling increased from 19% to 50%.
What did Hardall find about decisions made?
They were by men, for men, looking to benefit only men.
What did Edgell find about how ‘very important decisions’ were handled?
- finance, job and housing: men
- husbands alone had final say or with wife’s small input.
What did Edgell find about how ‘important’ decisions were handeld?
- children’s education, holidays
- jointly seldom, or wife alone.
What did Edgell find about how Edgell found how ‘less important decisions’ were made?
- home decor, kid’s clothes and food purchases
- by wife
What fraction of crime is domestic according to the British Crime Survey?
1/6.
How many domestic assaults a year are there did Mirrlees estimate?
6.6 million.
What did Coleman find about domestic abuse trends?
More likely to be women as victims in intimate violence, abusive, partner, family, sexual assault and stalking.
What percentage of domestic abuse did Mirrlees say were against women by men?
99%.
What did Dobash and Dobash state caused men to be violent to women?
When women questioned men’s authority.
Why do the state ignore domestic abuse in the family?
The family is seen as a good thing so they ignore the darker side of abuse.
Who argued that all societies are founded upon the patriarchy?
Kate Millett.
What aspects of society do radical feminists see most patriarchal?
Family and Marriage
Why do feminists say domestic violence is inevitable?
Because the marriage and family are patriarchal and women are continuously becoming more liberated.
Why do radical feminists say domestic violence is inevitable?
Women are becoming liberated and questioning the patriarchy and men have no reply besides anger and aggression.
How does Elliot criticize radical feminist’s view of men?
Not all men benefit from violence and not all man are aggressive,
According to Jane Pilcher, how is the concept of ‘childhood’ made unique?
Separateness, clear distinctions of life stages and has separate status.
How is the childhood ‘the golden age’?
Perfect age of happiness and innocence.
What did Stephen Wagg define childhood as?
“Childhood is socially constructed, it is, in other words, what members of particular societies, at particular times and particular places say it is.”
What did Ruth Benedict note how childhood is different across cultures?
- take on responsibilities at younger ages.
- children don’t have to obey adults.
- more sexually active.
What’s an example of children taking on responsibilities in another country?
Samantha Pinch’s study in rural Bolivia found that children around 5 were expected to take on responsibilities in the home and in the community.
What’s an example of children’s social status being different in another culture?
Raymond Firth’s study of the Turopia, found that children obeying adults was a privilege that the children could give to certain adults.
What’s an example of children’s sexual behavior in another culture?
Bronslow Malinowski found that the children of the Trobriand Island had unusual sexual behaviors, the adults took on an attitude of tolerance and amused interest in their kids sexual exploits.
What did the Historian Philippe Aries argue about childhood historically?
Analyzing art, he argued that historically childhood has not existed as a separate stage of life.
What did Aries say about how children were depicted in art?
“Any of the characteristics of childhood; they have simply been depicted on a smaller scale.”
Why did Shorter say children were neglected and treated differently?
Because of the high infant mortality rate, also they had lots of children to care for.
According to Aries, how and when did the idea of childhood start to develop?
In the 13th century when school’s started catering exclusively to children.
How did restricting child labour lead to childhood?
Laws restricting and excluding children from paid work, being economic assets so they became an economic liability and dependent on their parents.
What was the 1889 act that helped create childhood?
1889 Prevention of cruelty to children act.
What did the 1989 children act outline for parents?
That their children had rights and that they were the parent’s responsibility.
What is the march of progress view on childhood?
Aries and Shorter argue that today’s children are more valued, better cared for, protected, educated, enjoy better health and have more rights.
How much was spent on education in 2007/08?
64 billion.
How does low infant mortality mean there’s an improvement of childhood?
Parents aren’t forced to have as many children for labour, replace the children that have lost. So the children they do have are cherished.
What do march of progress theorists argue society and the family are now?
Child-centered.
How do conflict sociologists say the march of progress view is incorrect?
- there are inequalities amongst children
- inequalities between kids and adults is bigger than ever.
How do Marxists and feminists say that the inequalities between adults and children are bigger than ever?
-greater control, oppression and dependency.
How does Brannon’s study of young girls prove there is inequalities amongst children?
Asian parents are stricter on girls than boys.
What did Wooderofte find about children of unskilled workers?
They’re 3x more likely to suffer from a hyperactivity disorder.
According to Marilyn Howard, children born into p or families are…
- more likely to die in infancy
- suffer longstanding illnesses.
- Shorter in height
- fall behind in school.
What does Firestone say about the march of progress’s care and protection of children?
It’s actually just new forms of oppression and control.
What three ways do child liberationists say adults control kids?
- neglect and abuse
- control over; space, time, bodies and access to things.
In 2006, how many children she on the child protection register because they were deemed at serious risk of significant harm?
31,400 kids.
Hoe many phone calls does childline receive a year?
20,000.
Give an example of ways a child’s space is controlled?
Shops and areas that say no school children.
What are two fears ingrained and taught to children from a young age to control them?
Road safety and stranger danger.
What did Hilman find about the journey home of 7/8 yos?
In 1971, 80% of 7/8 yos walked home from school alone and by 1990, this had fallen to 9%.
In contrast to British culture, what did Katz find in a Sudanese village?
Children were allowed to roam freely both in the village and several kilometers away.
How do adults control kid’s time?
When they get up, go to bed, go to school and when they can leave the house.
How do adults control children’s bodies?
- what they wear
- when they can have sex and drink.
In what three ways do adults restrict children’s access to resources?
- labour laws and compulsory school
- child benefits go to parents
- pocket money is doled out.
What is age patriarchy?
The inequalities between adults and children.
Who coined the term ‘age patriarchy’?
Diana Gittins.
How did Gittins outline the age patriarchy?
Patriarchy means ‘rule by the father’- families are headed by men and so is society.
How do Humphreys and Thiara suggest this male dominance is acted out?
1/4 of 200 women left their abusive relationships to protect their.
Why do Hockey and James say childhood is something children want to escape?
Children are looked down upon as inferior- baby talk and condescension.
Who argued that childhood is disappearing at ‘a dazzling speed’?
Neil Postman.
How does TV, according to Postman, blur the idea DO childhood?
Television blurs the distinction between childhood and adulthood by destroying the hierarchy.
What did Iona Opie argue about childhood culture?
Iona Opie argues that childhood is not disappearing but becoming its own culture.
How is western ideas of childhood globalising?
Child liberationists argue that western childhood is oppressive and this is being applied by the west on the world.
Who proposed toxic childhood?
Sue Palmer.
What did Sue Palmer say toxic childhood was?
Rapid technological and cultural changes in the past 25 years have damaged children’s physical, emotional and intellectual development.
How is childhood disappearing and changing?
- children have more rights
- leisure activities are similar to adults.
- prolonged education makes them children longer.
What 4 ways does thefamily meet the needs of society, according to Murdock?
- stable satisfaction of the sex drive
- reproduction of the next generation
- socialization of the young
- meeting it’s member’s economic needs.
What family does Murdock say is the best and why?
Nuclear family because its most practical.
How do Marxists and feminists criticize Murdock’s view of the family?
Marxists: the family meets the need of capitalism and nothing else.
Feminists: serves the needs of men only, oppressed women.
What is Parson’s functional fit theory?
The idea that the family serves the needs of the society it is in.
What did Parsons say the nuclear family was?
Parents and dependent children.
What did parsons say the extended family was?
Three generations living under one roof.
What did Parsons say a geographically mobile workforce is?
It’s easier for a nuclear family to move where there is better work, life and living conditions.
How did Parsons explain a socially mobile workforce?
The generations of fathers are not predestined to do the same work as their fathers. Despite their social class, jobs and work allows people to move more fluidly throughout the classes.
How did Parsons say the family lost some of its functions?
When society went through industrialization, the family changed its structure and they change from a unit of production to one of consumption.
What two functions did Parsons say the family performs that are ‘irreducible’?
- primary socialization of children.
- stable control of adult personalities.
What two functionalists have a view on the family?
Murdock and Parsons.
What did Engels say there was before modern consuming families?
‘Promiscuous Horde.’
Why did Engels proposed the monogamy became essential?
The inheritance of private property.
What did Engels say the rise of monogamous nuclear family represented?
“Worldly historical defeat of the female sex.”
What did Engels say the transformation of the family did to women?
“Turned her into a mere instrument for the production of children.”
How do Marxists say women can achieve liberation?
Overthrow capitalism and private ownership of the means of production is the only way women will achieve liberation from the patriarch.
How do Marxists the family performs key ideological functions for capitalism?
Socializing children that hierarchy and inequality are inevitable.
How do Marxists describe capitalist ideology?
A set of ideas or beliefs that justify inequality and meanings in the capitalist system by persuading people to accept it as fair, natural and unchanging.
Why does Zaretsky say functionalists describe the family as a ‘haven’?
Functionalists see the family a place to hide from the harsh and explosive world of capitalism.
Why does Zaretsky argue that the family as a ‘haven’ is an illusion?
It can’t meet its members needs.
How do Marxists say the family is a unit of consumption?
- advertisers urge families to ‘keep up with the jonses’.
- the media target children, who use ‘pester power’ to get parents to spend more.
- children who don’t have new things are bullied.
How do Marxists ignore the diversity within society?
Not all families are nuclear families.
How do feminists criticize Marxists?
They say Marxists underestimate the importance of gender inequalities within the family.
How do functionalists criticize Marxists?
Functionalists say they ignore the real benefits the family has.
What two Marxists have a view on the family?
Engels and Zaretsky.
What do liberal feminists believe about the family?
That is gradually becoming equally and take a considerate approach.
Who’s views are similar to liberal feminists?
Young and Willmott’s march of progress view.
How do liberal feminists say equality in the family can be achieved?
Changes in the law and attitudes.
How do Marxists feminists explain inequality in the family?
Caused by capitalism, not men.
How do Marxist feminist say that women reproduce the labour force?
Unpaid domestic labour and socializing the next generation.
How do Marxists say that women absorb anger?
They absorb anger that would otherwise be towards capitalism.
What did Frans-Ansley describe women as?
‘Takers of shit.’
How do Marxist feminists say women are a ‘reserve army’ for cheap labour?
Take work when workers are needed forgotten about when they’re not.
What two things do radical feminists say about inequality in the family?
- men are the enemy
- the family and marriage oppress women.
Why do radical feminists promote ‘political lesbianism’?
‘As to not sleep with the enemy.’
What did Germaine Greer propose for radical feminists?
Marriolocal families and households.
How does liberal feminist Jenny Somerville criticize radical feminists?
They fail to recognise that women’s position has improved considerably.
However, what does Somerville also recognize about full equality?
It hasn’t been reached yet.
What do difference feminists say about the family?
We cannot assume all families are the same.
In contrast, how do black feminists see the family?
Support and resistance to radical oppression. Instead of patriarchal oppression.
What are two criticisms of the feminist perspective?
- they assume nuclear families are dominant
- assume people are passive and willing to accept the capitalist structure.
What’s the average rate of women giving birth?
29.6 yos.
Give three ways the changes in women’s position has led to the decline in the birth rate?
- more women in paid employment.
- changes in family life and roles
- access to abortion and reliable contraception
What percentage of babies died within their first year of life in 1990?
15%.
