15. PAEDIATRICS, MEN'S HEALTH & URINARY Flashcards
(132 cards)
1
Q
What must be present during consultations with infants and children?
A
A parent or legal guardian must be present during consultations with infants and children.
2
Q
At what age should you start engaging children in the consultation?
A
From the age of 2 to 3 years.
3
Q
What is essential when asking a child questions during a consultation?
A
Give the child time to answer and do not talk over them.
4
Q
What are some good observation skills to have during a children’s consultation?
A
- Change descriptions/questions into child-relatable terms
- Observe physical cues and appearances
- Note how the child reacts to their environment
5
Q
What foods should be prioritized for infants and children?
A
Organic foods should be prioritized.
6
Q
What is the appropriate way to adjust dosages of supplements for children?
A
Dosages of supplements must be adjusted to the age of the child.
7
Q
What is Fried’s rule for calculating dosages for infants under 2 years?
A
(Age in months ÷ 150) x adult dose.
8
Q
What should be avoided when administering supplements to children?
A
Harsh protocols like anti-candida diets or enemas should be avoided.
9
Q
What is the significance of the infant microbiome established in the first month of life?
A
A lower microbiome diversity increases risks of obesity, Type II diabetes, and chronic inflammatory illnesses.
10
Q
What delivery method can affect the infant microbiome?
A
Vaginal birth and caesarean delivery affect the transmission of the mother’s microbiome.
11
Q
Which bacteria are important commensals for vaginal-born infants?
A
- Bacteroides spp.
- Bifidobacterium
- Lactobacillus
- Enterobacter
- Streptococcus
12
Q
What are the benefits of a diverse infant microbiome?
A
- Enhanced lactose digestion
- Intestinal wall integrity
- Innate immunity development
13
Q
What is the critical window for optimizing the gut-brain axis connection?
A
From birth to 3 years.
14
Q
What does Th2 dominance in infants lead to?
A
Increased IgE production and sensitivity to allergens.
15
Q
What is infantile colic?
A
Regular prolonged crying of unknown cause in an otherwise healthy infant.
16
Q
What are common natural approaches to alleviate infantile colic?
A
- Burping during feedings
- Maternal and baby probiotics
- Gentle abdominal massage
17
Q
What is the role of prebiotics and probiotics for infants?
A
They are vital for the microflora of any infant or child, especially if born via C-section and formula-fed.
18
Q
What is a natural remedy for colic that can be given to the baby?
A
Fennel seed tea is an antispasmodic and carminative.
19
Q
Fill in the blank: Infants born vaginally have a higher _______ diversity.
A
microbiome
20
Q
True or False: Caesarean-born infants have higher levels of Bifidobacterium than vaginally born infants.
A
False
21
Q
What is the impact of Bifidobacterium spp. on infant immunity?
A
They help normalize immune function and prevent inflammatory responses.
22
Q
What dietary approach should be avoided when dealing with children’s nutrition?
A
Avoid limiting a child’s diet; focus on adding nutrient-dense foods.
23
Q
What type of supplements are preferred for children?
A
Chewable or powdered supplements that can be mixed with food.
24
Q
What is the effect of maternal gut microbiome on breastmilk?
A
The maternal gut microbiome colonizes the breast tissue, affecting the breastmilk microbiome.
25
What should be done if a child is noticeably larger or smaller than their average age?
Take care with dosages and adjustments.
26
What can excessive pressure from assisted birth interfere with?
Breastfeeding due to compression of cranial bones and nerves.
27
What is the recommended dilution for essential oils when massaging a baby?
2 drops to 1 tbsp carrier oil (e.g., almond)
## Footnote
Use chamomile and mandarin essential oil blend or lavender, massaging clockwise only
28
What are the benefits of fennel seed tea for mothers?
Antispasmodic, carminative, galactagogue
## Footnote
Recommended 3-6 cups daily
29
How should fennel tea be prepared?
Place 1 tsp in 300ml of water and boil for 10-15 mins
## Footnote
Drink throughout the day
30
What common problem foods should breastfeeding mothers check for intolerance?
* Dairy
* Chocolate
* Eggs
* Soy
* Caffeine
* Lentils
* Spicy foods
## Footnote
These foods may cause issues in breast milk
31
What should be avoided to prevent gas in infants?
* Gas-forming foods
* Fried foods
* Peanuts
* Wheat
## Footnote
Includes crucifers
32
What natural approaches can be taken to create a calming environment for a baby?
* Swaddling
* Carrying in a baby sling
* Breastfeeding on demand
* Feeding in quiet surroundings
## Footnote
Also remove excess stimuli like loud noises and flashing lights
33
Which homeopathic remedy is suggested for infants who cannot digest milk?
Aethusa
## Footnote
Associated with vomiting and diarrhea
34
What is the main remedy for excessively irritable infants?
Chamomilla
## Footnote
Relief comes from constant holding and rocking
35
What are the signs and symptoms of teething?
* Irritability
* Mild temperature (38° C)
* Flushed red cheek/ear
* Constant dribbling
* Diarrhea
* Gnawing and chewing
## Footnote
Teething usually begins around 4-7 months
36
What natural remedy can be used for teething pain?
Homeopathic chamomilla (30 C or 200 C) every 30 mins to 2 hours
## Footnote
Max 6 doses in 24 hours
37
What ingredients are in the teething tea for mothers and babies?
* Dried chamomile flowers
* Dried lemon balm
* Dried lavender flowers
* Dried catnip leaves
## Footnote
Combine ½ ounce each and steep in boiling water
38
What should be avoided for infants under 12 months?
Honey
## Footnote
Honey can pose a risk of botulism
39
What is the core body temperature indicating a fever in children?
Above 38° C
## Footnote
Fevers are an essential component of the immune system
40
What are the benefits of fever in children between 38-40° C?
* Develops T-cell differentiation
* Increases heat shock proteins (HSP)
## Footnote
HSPs regulate viral infections
41
Which homeopathic remedy is prescribed for an acutely painful earache from heat exposure?
Chamomilla
## Footnote
One cheek is red, the other pale
42
What are common causes of otitis media?
* Poor nutrition
* Dysbiosis
* Food allergies
* Environmental irritants
* Dental problems
## Footnote
Common between 3 months and 4 years of age
43
What natural approaches can help manage symptoms of coughs, colds, and fevers?
* Slippery elm ball lozenges
* Freshly grated garlic
* Finely chopped onion with manuka honey
* Freshly grated ginger in hot water
## Footnote
These ingredients have various antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties
44
What are the important vitamins for supporting the immune system?
* Vitamin C
* Zinc
* Vitamin A
* Vitamin D
## Footnote
Each plays a critical role in immune response and function
45
What is the dosage for homeopathic remedies for otitis media?
30C every 4 hours, up to 6 doses
## Footnote
Seek advice if no improvement
46
What are the signs of childhood anxiety?
* Irritability
* Anger
* Fatigue
* Headaches
* Digestive aches
## Footnote
Emotional wellbeing is affected by various factors
47
What is a remedy for constant catarrh known as 'glue ear'?
Thick and purulent discharge; child bores their finger in their ear.
48
What factors influence a child's emotional wellbeing?
Food intake, activity, home environment, stresses, education.
49
List common presentations of childhood anxiety.
* Irritability
* Anger
* Fatigue
* Headaches
* Digestive aches
50
What are common causes/risk factors for childhood anxiety?
* Bullying
* Social media
* Friendship issues
* Poor teaching
* Blood sugar dysregulation
* Chronic stress
51
What role do B vitamins play in childhood anxiety?
They act as neurotransmitter co-factors.
52
How is EFA deficiency related to childhood anxiety?
Linked to neuroinflammation, lower dopamine, and reduced neuroplasticity.
53
What is a natural approach to managing childhood anxiety?
Focus on the CNM Naturopathic Diet, remove caffeine, sugar, and food additives.
54
What herbal nervines are mentioned for childhood anxiety?
* Chamomile
* Lemon balm
* Lavender
* Passionflower
* Ashwagandha
55
What is the urinary system composed of?
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra.
56
What is the primary function of the urinary system?
Filter and eliminate wastes, regulate acid-base balance, maintain fluid and electrolyte balance.
57
What is GFR?
Glomerular filtration rate.
58
What are nutritional considerations for kidney health?
* Hydration
* Moderate salt intake
* Avoid high protein diets
59
What does a cloudy urine color indicate?
May indicate an infection.
60
What is a UTI?
Inflammation due to infection anywhere in the urinary tract.
61
What are the symptoms of cystitis?
* Dysuria
* Frequent/urgent urination
* Suprapubic pain
* Foul-smelling/cloudy urine
* Haematuria
* Malaise
* Fever
62
What are common causes and risk factors for UTIs?
* Women (shorter urethra)
* Menopause
* Pregnancy
* Sexual activity
* Elderly
* BPH
* Antibiotics
* Intestinal dysbiosis
63
What dietary changes can help prevent UTIs?
* Avoid simple sugars and refined carbohydrates
* Include plant-based diets
* Ensure optimal water intake
64
What is interstitial cystitis (IC)?
A chronic inflammatory condition of the bladder not associated with infection.
65
What are the signs and symptoms of interstitial cystitis?
* Pressure/pain in bladder
* Urinary urgency
* Frequency
* Dyspareunia
* Petechial haemorrhages
66
What natural approach is suggested for managing interstitial cystitis?
Remove urinary irritants, reduce inflammation, and promote microbial balance.
67
What is the purpose of assessing for food allergy/intolerance?
To identify allergens and intolerances through elimination diets or antibody testing.
68
What type of antibody testing is used for environmental allergies?
IgE antibody testing.
69
Which diet emphasizes antioxidant-rich vegetables and anti-inflammatory foods?
The CNM Naturopathic Diet.
70
Name two anti-inflammatory herbs mentioned in the text.
* Turmeric
* Fresh ginger
71
What is the dosage of Quercetin recommended?
500 mg twice daily.
72
What are the functions of Quercetin?
* Anti-allergic
* Inhibits histamine release
* Anti-inflammatory
* Downregulates NF-κB
* Inhibits LOX and COX
73
What is the recommended dosage for N-acetyl glucosamine?
1500–2000 mg three times daily.
74
What is the function of Chondroitin?
* Increases glycosaminoglycan synthesis in the bladder
* Improves mucous membrane integrity
* Reduces inflammation
75
Which probiotics are suggested for urinary tract support?
Lactobacillus spp.
76
What is the role of Corn silk and marshmallow root?
They are demulcents that soothe irritation in the urinary tract and relieve pain.
77
What is the main component of castor oil that has anti-inflammatory effects?
Ricinoleic acid.
78
What are struvite stones?
Magnesium ammonium phosphate stones.
79
What are the main types of urinary stones?
* Calcium oxalate
* Calcium phosphate
* Uric acid
* Struvite stones
80
What can cause urinary calculi?
Formation of crystalline salts and organic matter in the kidney and bladder.
81
What is the effect of dehydration on urinary stone formation?
It concentrates urine, allowing minerals to precipitate and form crystals.
82
How does altered urinary pH contribute to stone formation?
Too acidic promotes calcium oxalate and uric acid stones; too alkaline promotes struvite and calcium phosphate stones.
83
What dietary factors increase the risk of calcium oxalate stones?
* High animal protein intake
* Low fiber intake
* High refined carbohydrates
* High alcohol intake
84
What is the recommended daily fluid intake to prevent urinary stones?
At least 8 glasses of distilled or filtered water.
85
Which natural remedy is suggested for uric acid stones?
Blackcurrant juice.
86
What is the function of Zinc in relation to testosterone levels?
Supports testosterone production and promotes spermatogenesis.
87
What is the primary function of testosterone?
Development of male sexual characteristics and maintenance of libido.
88
What is the ideal testosterone to SHBG ratio in males?
0.7–1.
89
What are common signs of low testosterone?
* Central weight gain
* Low energy
* Low libido
* Erectile dysfunction
* Infertility
* Osteoporosis
90
What lifestyle factor is associated with low testosterone levels?
Ageing.
91
What is the role of 5α-reductase in the body?
Converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (DHT).
92
What is erectile dysfunction (ED)?
The inability to achieve or maintain an erection firm enough for sexual intercourse.
93
What dietary components are linked to erectile dysfunction?
* Low whole-grain foods
* High red meats
* High refined sugars
* High dairy products
94
What role does stress play in erectile dysfunction?
Increases sympathetic nervous system activity, affecting erectile function.
95
What is the recommended dosage of magnesium to support testosterone levels?
200–400 mg per day.
96
What are the effects of Ashwagandha on testosterone?
Increases testosterone by stimulating GnRH production.
97
What is the effect of high DHT levels?
Associated with acne, male pattern baldness, and prostate disorders.
98
What lifestyle changes can help lower DHT levels?
* Address inflammation
* Stabilize blood glucose
* Reduce adiposity
* Eat organic
99
What dietary factors are linked to erectile dysfunction (ED)?
Low whole-grain foods, legumes, vegetables, fruits, high red meats, refined sugars, and dairy products.
## Footnote
Higher antioxidants and citrulline are thought to contribute to this relationship.
100
What condition is associated with impaired nitric oxide synthesis and neuropathic damage that can lead to ED?
Diabetes mellitus.
## Footnote
Associated with increased advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and free radicals.
101
Name three medication types that can induce erectile dysfunction.
* β-blockers
* Anti-depressants
* Opiates
102
What cardiovascular condition is linked to erectile dysfunction due to arterial insufficiency?
Atherosclerosis.
## Footnote
Specific risk factors include hypertension, insulin resistance, and smoking.
103
What type of nerve signaling deficit can lead to neurogenic erectile dysfunction?
Deficit in nerve signaling to the corpora cavernosa.
## Footnote
Conditions such as lumbar disc herniation, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease can cause this.
104
What is a natural approach to address erectile dysfunction related to diabetes?
CNM Naturopathic Diet focusing on phytonutrient-rich plant foods, alcohol elimination, and healthy weight management.
105
What types of exercise are recommended to help with erectile dysfunction?
* Moderate cardio
* Calming exercises (e.g., yoga, tai chi)
106
What is the recommended dosage of Panax ginseng for erectile dysfunction?
1000 mg three times daily.
107
What is benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?
Enlargement of the prostate without the presence of malignancy.
108
At what age does benign prostatic hyperplasia affect approximately 40% of men?
Over the age of 50.
109
List some signs and symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia.
* Urinary frequency
* Urgency
* Hesitancy
* Nocturia
* Incomplete evacuation
* Terminal dribbling
110
What does a raised prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level indicate?
Possible prostate enlargement or inflammation.
111
What role does DHT play in prostate function and growth?
DHT is required for normal prostate function, but higher levels can cause pathologic prostate growth.
112
What natural approach can be taken to lower DHT levels?
Focus on zinc-rich foods and organic foods.
113
What are some dietary components that may increase the risk of prostate cancer?
* Processed meats
* High refined sugar
* Low fiber
* Caffeine
* High saturated and trans fats
114
What is the most common cancer in men over 50 years?
Prostate cancer.
115
What additional symptoms may indicate prostate cancer beyond those of BPH?
* Haematuria
* Blood in the ejaculate
* Pain on ejaculation
* Back pain
116
What is the role of zinc in prostate cancer management?
Anti-carcinogenic; stabilizes DNA and RNA, inhibits prostate cancer cell growth.
117
What is prostatitis?
Inflammation of the prostate with or without infection.
118
What are common symptoms of prostatitis?
* Frequent UTIs
* Dysuria
* Blood in urine or semen
* Discharge from the urethra
* Pain on ejaculation
119
What bacteria are associated with infective prostatitis?
* E. coli
* Streptococcus anginosus
* Propionibacterium acnes
120
What nutrient deficiencies are linked to prostate cancer?
* Zinc
* Selenium
* Vitamin D
121
True or False: A higher ratio of oestrogens to testosterone can increase prostate growth.
True.
122
What is genitourinary dysbiosis associated with in the context of prostatitis?
Proinflammatory bacteria such as E.coli, Streptococcus anginosus, and Propionibacterium acnes, as well as STDs like chlamydia
## Footnote
These associations highlight the microbial factors contributing to infective prostatitis.
123
What dietary approach is recommended for addressing prostatitis?
CNM Naturopathic Diet focusing on reducing inflammation and immune support
## Footnote
This approach includes dietary adjustments to target underlying causes.
124
What are some natural anti-inflammatory agents mentioned for prostatitis?
* EFAs
* Turmeric
* Ginger
* Vitamin C
## Footnote
These agents act as PGE2 inhibitors, helping to reduce inflammation.
125
Which minerals and compounds are recommended for prostate support?
* Zinc
* Selenium
* Lycopene
* Saw palmetto
* Stinging nettle
## Footnote
These substances are known for their beneficial effects on prostate health.
126
What is the suggested dosage of Quercetin for reducing prostatic inflammation?
500–1000 mg twice daily
## Footnote
Quercetin is noted for its ability to inhibit LOX, COX, and NF-κB.
127
What role do probiotics and prebiotics play in the management of prostatitis?
They increase microbial diversity and promote anti-inflammatory Prevotella
## Footnote
This is particularly important as these beneficial microbes are often low in the gut microbiota of those with prostatitis.
128
What are the main health concerns for the case study subject, Roger?
BPH, urinary frequency, urgency, nocturia, incomplete evacuation
## Footnote
Roger's health issues are compounded by his lifestyle and stress factors.
129
What lifestyle factors contribute to Roger's health issues?
* High cows’ dairy
* Processed meat
* White carbs
* High alcohol consumption
* Low vegetable intake
## Footnote
These dietary choices may exacerbate Roger's BPH symptoms.
130
What is Roger's most recent PSA level?
9.5 ng/ml
## Footnote
This level indicates potential concerns regarding prostate health.
131
What medications is Roger currently taking?
Statins for hypercholesterolaemia
## Footnote
This implies he has a history of cholesterol management but no medications specifically for his urinary issues.
132
What are the therapeutic aims for Roger's naturopathic plan?
To address BPH symptoms, improve diet, reduce stress, and support metabolic health
## Footnote
These aims focus on holistic management of Roger's health concerns.
