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Basic Pathology 2 > 15 Plasmodium and Malaria > Flashcards

15 Plasmodium and Malaria Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

Factors affecting malaria

A 
Temperature
Altitude
Humidity
Rainfall
Seasons
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2
Q

Causative agent of malaria

A

Plasmodium

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3
Q

Plasmodium is transmitted through the bite of what genus of mosquito

A

Anopheles

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4
Q

Most important parasitic infection
Most virulent
Responsible for malignant tertian fever

A

P. falciparum

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5
Q

Numerous smaller rings
Crescent-shaped gametocytes
Maurer’s clefts

A

P. falciparum

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6
Q

Irregular blotches developed by infected erythrocyte

A

Maurer’s clefts

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7
Q

Schizonts of P. falciparum contain how many merozoites

A

8-24

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8
Q

Responsible for benign tertian fever

A

P. vivax (along with P. ovale)

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9
Q

Enlarged erythrocyte
Schuffner’s dots
Amoeboid-shaped trophozoite

A

P. vivax

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10
Q

Peculiar stippling pattern observed from an enlarged red cell as a trophozoite grows inside it

A

Schuffner’s dots

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11
Q

Schizonts of P. vivax contain how many merozoites

A

12-24

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12
Q

Not endemic in the Philippines unless imported

Also involved in benign tertian fever

A

P. ovale

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13
Q

Trophoizotes are compact

Also contain Schuffner’s dots

A

P. ovale

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14
Q

Schizonts of P. ovale contain how many merozoites

A

6-14

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15
Q

Compact parasite

Merozoites form rosette pattern

A

P. malariae

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16
Q

P. malariae schizonts contain how many merozoites

A

6-12

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17
Q

Mostly known to infect Simian malaria

Considered zoonotic, infect humans

A

P. knowlesi

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18
Q

P. knowlesi forms what kind of stippling when observed under microscope

A

Sinton and Mulligan’s

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19
Q

Clinical presentation of P. knowlesi infection

A

Severe anemia
Thrombocytopenia
Acute respiratory distress syndrome

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20
Q

Definitive host of Plasmodium

Found in rural areas with clean, stagnant or running water

A

Anopheles

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21
Q

Intermediate host of Plasmodium

A

Man

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22
Q

Human liver stage

Schizonts and merozoites

A

Exo-erythrogenic schizogony

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23
Q

Ring-stage trophozoites
Schizonts
Merozoites

A

Erythocytic schizogony

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24
Q

Infective stage of Plasmodium

End product of the sporogonic cycle

A

Sporozoites

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25
The primary site of plasmodium infection
Liver
26
Mature sporozoites in the liver
Schizonts
27
Individual small dots within the schizont Daughter cells from the schizonts Produced via asexual reproduction
Merozoites
28
Manifest with liver symptoms: jaundice and abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant/epigastric area
Exo-erythrocytic schizogony
29
Human blood stage | Daughter merozoites infect the RBCs
Erythrocytic schizogony
30
Stages of erythrocytic schizogony
Ring stage trophozoite Schizonts Merozoites
31
Early/young stage of trophozoite | Has a red chromatin dot and small amount of blue cytoplasm when stained with Giemsa or Wright's stain
Ring stage trophozoite
32
Trophozoites dividide within the RBC | Contain multiple merozoites
Schizonts
33
Form the zygote via sexual reproduction
Macrogametocyte and microgametocyte
34
Mosquito phase
Sporogonic cycle
35
Stages of sporogonic cycle
``` Zygote Ookinetes Oocysts Sporocysts Sporozoites ```
36
Produces antigenic Pf proteins on the surface of RBCs, which serve as an escape mechanism from destruction by the spleen
P. falciparum
37
Most common and most well-documented complication of P. falciparum infection
Cerebral malaria
38
Renewal of parasitemia and/or clinical features arising from persistent unpredictable asexual parasitemia in the absence of exo-erythrocytic cycle Only applicable for P. falciparum, P. malaria and P. knowlesi
Recrudescence
39
Dormant stage found in liver
Hypnozoites
40
Which Plasmodium species have hyponozoites in their life cycle
P. vivax and P. ovale
41
Results from the reactivation of hypnozoite forms of the parasite in the liver
Malaria relapse
42
Affects RBCs of all ages
P. falciparum
43
Affect young erythrocytes
P. vivax | P. ovale
44
Affect old or mature RBCs
P. malariae | P. knowlesi
45
Incubation period of P. falciparum
9-14 days
46
Incubation period of P. vivax/ovale
12-18 days
47
Incubation period of P. malariae
18-40 days
48
Incubation period of P. knowlesi
11-12 days
49
Cold stage Midday 15 mins-1 hour RBCs simultaneously burst out because of infection, releasing cytokines due to anemia
Chills
50
Hot stage, high grade fever, lasts up to 6 hours High grade fever would be >39 deg C Due to recruitment of tumor necrosis factor and interleukins Length of phase depends on the species of malaria
Fever
51
Peaks every 48 hours | P. vivax and P. ovale
Benign tertian fever pattern
52
Fever peaks every 72 hours | P. malariae
Quartan fever pattern
53
Fever peaks in a range (24-48 hours) and is not exactly predictable P. falciparum
Malignant tertian fever pattern
54
Fever peaks at about the same time every day (24 hours)
Quotidian fever pattern
55
Sweating stage with gradual resolution of fever Merozoites infect uninfected RBCs Reset of thermoregulatory system
Profuse sweating
56
Death of RBC leads to ____ state due to less oxygen delivery
Acidic
57
Converts lactic acid into pyruvate
Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase
58
Sever malaria clinical manifestations
``` Cerebral malaria Severe anemia Renal failure Pulmonary edema/ARDS Hypoglycemia ```
59
Caused by widespread sequestration of infected erythrocytes in the cerebral microvasculature
Cerebral malaria
60
Most patients with particularly complicated malaria present with _____
Hypoglycemia
61
Diagnostic tools for Plasmodium
``` Antigen/enzyme determination Blood thick and thin smears Polymerase chain reaction Antibody detection Drug resistance ```
62
Dip stick or casette formation | Determines if the sample is P. falciparum or P. vivax
Antigen/enzyme determination
63
Antigens being tested in rapid diagnostic test
Histidine-rich protein II (HRP-2) | Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH)
64
Only for epidemiology studes
Antibody detection
65
In vitro tests | Molecular characterization
Drug resistance tests
66
Gold standard for diagnosis Used for confirmation Giemsa-stained
Blood thick and thin smears
67
When do you usually conduct blood smears to catch the rupture of the RBCs and the fever spike?
Every 6-12 hours for 48-72 hours
68
Greater sensitvity for screening of the presence of malarial infection
Thick smear
69
For species identification For parasite density quantification For visualizing schizonts/gametes
Thin smear
70
Characteristic of a P. falciparum gametocyte
Banana-shaped/elongated | unlike others that have circular shape
71
Stippling differentiation; | Maurer's cleft
P. falciparum
72
Stippling differentiation James dots
P. ovale
73
Stippling differentiation Schuffner's dots
P. vivax
74
Stippling differentiation: | Ziemann's dots
P. malariae
75
Used as backup or confirmation of microscopy | Used to differentiate P. malariae from P. knowlesi
PCR
76
First-line drug | Schizonticidal
Artemeter/Lumefantrine
77
Acts on exo-erythrocytic stages | 14-day treatment against P. vivax to kill hypnozoites and gametocytes
Primaquine
78
Used to be the primary drug for treatment of malaria | No longer used due to widespread resistance
Chloroquine
79
First-line treatment of unconfirmed malaria
AL
80
First-line treatment of P. falciparum
AL + PQ
81
Treatment failure of P. falciparum
QN (chloroquine, amodiaquine, quinines) + T (trimethroprim-sulfamethoxazole)
82
Treatment of severe malaria
QN + T
83
Treatment of P. vivax
CQ + PQ
84
Effective for both chemoprophylaxis and treatment of P. falciparum and P. vivax
Atovaquone | Proguanil
85
Other chemoprophylactic drugs
Chloroquine Doxycycline Mefloquine Primaquine

Basic Pathology 2 (8 decks)

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