15. Variations in Sexual Behaviour Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
% of women = cannot experience orgasm through penetration alone
A
75
2
Q
Website Resource for techniques for masturbation and pleasurable stimulation
A
OMG yes
3
Q
% of ppl who fake orgasms
A
28 men, 67 women
4
Q
y fake (4)
A
- Orgasm was unlikely
- Wanted sex to end
- Wanted to avoid negative consequences (hurting partner’s feelings)
- Wanted to obtain positive consequences (pleasing partner)
5
Q
CONSEQUENCES for faking (3)
A
- Repeated faking → partner gets wrong feedback about what works for you sexually
- Setting yourself up for not experiencing sexual pleasure
- Teaching your partner what doesn’t work
- 25% women fake 90% of the time
- Becomes problematic when it’s a pattern
6
Q
% of ppl who have fantasies
A
97
7
Q
3 most common fantasies
A
- 89% → threesome
- 74% → orgies
- 61% → gangbang
8
Q
% fantasize about sadomasochism?
A
- 60% → inflicting pain
- 65% → receiving pain
9
Q
other fantasies?
A
- Novelty, adventure, and variety
- Anal, different positions, sex in public, trying new toy, etc.
10
Q
how many have acted out their biggest fantasy and why?
A
Less than 1/3 have acted out their biggest fantasy
- Most common reason: worried about how their partner would react
11
Q
Sexual orientation:
A
who we are attracted to sexually
- Relatively stable beginning in adolescence
12
Q
Gynephillic
A
attracted to women
13
Q
Androphilic
A
attracted to men
14
Q
Sexual-flexibility
A
willingness to deviate from sexual orientation; willingness to deviate from societal sexual norms
Low sexual-flexibility → extreme circumstances to deviate from sexual activity
15
Q
who is higher in sexual fluidity? (M v. F)
A
- Women tend to be higher than men (2/3 report same sex fantasies)
- Men= 1/3 report same sex fantasies
16
Q
Why are women more sexually flexible than men? (3)
A
- Evolutionary explanations: Affiliation with women as adaptive?
- Difficult for women to survive to expand possibilities for support if the male partner is lost - Sexual imprinting windows
- Sexual references = shaped by experience
- Men have a shorter window during adolescence- Many can trace their fetish interests back to this period
- Self Report Bias
- Women might be more likely to report
- Less taboo than for men to report
17
Q
7 most common “atypical” internet searches
A
Youth, incest, domination, submission, bestiality, transsexual, and “grannies”
18
Q
top 5 most viewed category in porn in 2021
A
- japanese
- lesbian
- ebony
- hentai
- MILF
19
Q
top 3 men vs. women
A
men
1. japanese
2. MILF
3. mature
women
1. lesbian
2. japanese
3. MILF
20
Q
% canadian viewers that are women?
A
30-40%
21
Q
How did COVID impact pornography viewership?
A
pornhub traffic increased 11.6%
NOT SUSTAINED
22
Q
why increase? (2)
A
- More time
- Terror Management Theory
- When people are reminded of their mortality, they engage in behaviours to cope with their mortality
23
Q
COVID Baby Boom? cause boredd?
A
nope
24
Q
Research by Dr. Lorri Brotto (UBC) how did sexual activity increase and decrease
A
- Pandemic → more stress (especially true for women)
- In relationship NOT living with partner = sexual activity INCREASED
- In relationship LIVING with partner = sexual activity DECREASED
25
domestic abuse?
- Increased
- Particularly by women
- Crisis calls increased
26
quality of sex life during pandemic?
43% -> decline
42% -> same
13% -> improved
27
frequency?
declined
28
most common new additions made by 1 in 5?
new sexual positions, sexting, sharing nude photos, cybersex, filming oneself masturbating, fulfilling sexual fantasies
OTHER: VR porn, remote control dildos
29
what predicted new additions?
- ^ stress and loneliness = ^ in diverse sexual activities
- Sex = way to cope with stress of COVID
30
Statistical definition of abnormal sex
Behaviours that are rare (frequency)
- Doesn’t give insight into psychological functioning of person engaging in behaviour
eg: standing on head while having sex
31
Sociological approach
Deviance from norms
- Depends on society
- Eg: having a shoe fetish
32
Legal approach
Breaks laws
- Eg: indecent exposure, sex with kids or animals, etc.
33
Psychological approach
Causes distress or impairment
34
4Ds of abnormal behaviour:
1. dysfunctional → impairs the person’s functioning in daily life
2. distress → causes great emotional distress
3. deviant → desiring sex with a corpse
4. dangerous → to self or others
35
Medical approach
Paraphilias
- Identified in DSM-5 (8 specific)
- MUST be distress or impairment
36
when is liking an object abnormal
becomes necessary for sexual arousal or substitute for human partner
- Eg: silk panties
- Really enjoys them
- Cannot get sexually aroused unless silk panties are involved
37
in general...
wishing to experience sexual behaviour = higher than actual experience
38
Paraphilic disorder:
Atypical sexual interest → NOT mental disorders
“A paraphilic disorder is a paraphilia that is currently causing distress or impairment to the individual or a paraphilia whose satisfaction has entailed personal harm, or risk of harm to others.” (Causes problems in person’s life in some way)
- distress, impairment, or harm required for diagnosis → distress can’t be result of society’s disapproval
- Must be included for at least 6 months
39
Anomalous Activities (3)
Distorted behaviours in courtship
1. voyeuristic
2. exhibitionistic
3. frotteuristic
40
Voyeuristic Disorder
(a voyeur would not find watching an exhibitionist arousing)
- observing an unsuspecting person who is naked, in the process of disrobing, or engaging in sexual activity (peeping toms)
risk (being caught) → contributes to sexual charge
must be over 18 for diagnosis (kids are curious naturally), unknown prevalence (9.6% men, 2.6% women ?)
41
Exhibitionistic Disorder
Exposing one’s genitals to an unsuspecting person (flashing) Commonly men → women, rare for men → men, or women to expose
“Indecent exposure” → illegal
- can co-occur with pedophilic
- Prevalence = Unknown
- 2-4% in males, lower in females ?
42
what causes Exhibitionistic
- Likely to have experienced adverse events in childhood
- Father abandonment
- Physical or emotional abuse
43
goal of Exhibitionistic
- Produce shock, or another strong emotional response
- Best thing to do: stay calm, look away, walk away: dont reinforce shock
44
Frotteuristic Disorder
- Touching or rubbing against a non-consenting person
- ~30% of male population has engaged in this
- Almost normalized in nightclubs
- Recent study = 35% university students reported engaging in this behaviour
- 4% men, >1% women
45
Algolagnic Disorders (2)
Involve pain and suffering
1. Sexual Masochism Disorder
2. Sexual Sadism Disorder
46
Sexual Masochism Disorder
- Being humiliated, beaten, bound or otherwise made to suffer is sexually exciting to the person
- Leopold von Sacher-Masoch
- himself a masochist
- wrote novels expressing his fantasies
- Prevalence = 2% men, 1% women
47
Sexual Sadism Disorder
- psychological or physical suffering, humiliation of the victim is sexually exciting to the person
- Derived from Marquis de Sade who lived during French Revolution
- Practiced sadism
- Apparently several women died from this
- Causes distress or have acted with unconsenting person
- Prevalence = Unknown
- 2% men, less for women
- Higher in individuals who have committed sexual homicide
- 37-75% (among men)
48
Anomalous Target Preference (4)
Problematic target of sexual interest
1. Pedophilic Disorder
2. Fetishistic Disorder
3. Transvestic Disorder
4. Autogynephilia
49
Pedophilic Disorder
DSM-5TR:
1. Over a period of 6 months, recurrent, intense
sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or
behaviors involving sexual activity with a
prepubescent child or children (generally age 13 or
younger).
2. The individual has acted on these urges, or the
sexual urges or fantasies cause marked distress or
interpersonal difficulty.
3. The individual is at least age 16 years and at least 5 years older than the child or children in Criterion A.
50
PREVALENCE of Pedophilic Disorder
less than 3% men, unknown in women (est. to be less)
51
FACTORS of Pedophilic Disorder (5)
1. Increased attention in popular culture and media
2. Stigmatization
- Likely affects prevalence
3. Interaction between CJS (criminal justice system) and mental health
- Can be a pedophile but never actually engage in child molestation
4. Challenge: empathy
- Difficult for clinicians working with individuals struggling with this disorder
5. Emergence of online support groups
- Eg: VIRPID = online support group for individuals with interest but DO NOT act on their urges
52
Diagnostic Issues of pedophilic (3)
1. Urges and fantasies versus behaviour
- Psychologists must report if there is a danger to children
2. Child molesters are not always pedophiles and vice versa
- People can molest children for power and control but not as a sexual interest
3. Pedophilic sexual interest versus PD (pedophilic disorder)
- Is it disorder or interest?
- Disorder = must have distress or have acted on it
- If it is only an interest → don’t meet criteria
53
Fetishistic Disorder
fetish causes distress, impairments in daily functioning (extreme cases = unable to become aroused without presence of fetish material)
54
Fetishism definition
sexual fixation on some object other than another human being and attaching great erotic significance to that object
- Typically evolves early → M age of respondents aroused by shoes/feet = 12 years
55
percent of women having a fetish behaviour
75%
56
types of fetishes
- Nonliving objects or non-genital body parts
- Leather, undergarments, shoes, corsets
- MOST COMMON: feet, hair
- Stands alone as sexually stimulating
- No need for other sexual partner
57
Autonepiophilia (Paraphilic Infantilism)
- Impersonating or being treated as an infant
- Infantilism
58
Sthenolagnia
Muscles and displays of strength
59
Feederism
- Feeding partner, often to obesity, or incapacitation
- Power, care-taker role
60
Transvestic Disorder
- Intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving cross-dressing
- Not about performance art or expressing gender
- Cross-dressing for sexual arousal
- Almost exclusively male sexual variation (essentially unknown among women)
- Cultural tolerance of women who wear masc clothing vs. men in femme dress, and women’s clothing is sensual by desgin vs. men’s → functional
61
PREVALENCE of transvestic disorder
rare— >3% males, less for women
- 87% hetero, 60% married, 66% = first experience occurred before age 10
Many adolescent boys cross-dress a few times → considered normal
Disorder = done in private for sexual arousal
62
Stages in partner’s reaction to transvestic (4)
1. discovery or disclosure
2. turmoil for both in relationship
3. negotiation: what is acceptable?? boundaries?
4. if acceptable = finding a new balance
63
Transvestic disorder can be accompanied by:
Autogynephilia
64
Autogynephilia: Blanchard
A male’s paraphilic tendency to be sexually aroused by the thought/image of himself as a female
65
subtypes
- *Transvestic* – wearing women’s clothing
- *Behavioural* – typically feminine behaviours (e.g., knitting)
- *Physiologic* – pregnancy, menstruation, breast feeding
- *Anatomic* – having a women’s body
66
BD
1. **Bondage and discipline (B-D)**
- Physical and psychological restraint
- NOT pain inflicting
- May enforce obedience and servitude
67
DS
2. **Dominance and submission (D-S)**
- Dominant partner uses *power to control and sexually stimulate the sub*
- Behaviours, customs, and rituals relating to the giving and accepting of dominance
68
SM
3. **Sadomasochism (S-M)**
- More rare
- 3-11% M → sadist
- 2-6% M → masochists
- 65% fantasize about being tied up; 62% about tying someone up
- Pain, degradation, and humiliation
- Hyper-masculinity, administering and receiving pain, physical restriction, and humiliation
69
4 clusters/themes:
1. hypermasculinity (dildo, enema)
2. administering and receiving pain (caning, waxing, clothespins)
3. physical restriction (handcuffs, straightjackets)
4. humiliation (verbal, face slapping)
- flagellation (least intense—81%)
- verbal humiliation (70%)
- gagging (53%)
- face slapping (37%)
- knives to make surface wounds (11%)
70
Spankos
fascinated by spanking from a young age
71
BDSM munches
informal gathering of ppl interested in BDSM usually at a restaurant to discuss interests
72
RACK
Risk-Aware Consensual Kink
73
PRICK
Personal Responsibility Informed Consensual Kink
74
BDSM Myths (5)
1. Submissives want/like to be victims (i.e., abuse)
2. Submissives have no control
3. Scenarios have to increase in severity
4. Can lead to serious injury and psychological trauma
5. BDSM always involves sex (or intercourse)
can be nonsexual eg: acting as a foot stool :) for an hour or so :)
75
Myths About Participants (5)
1. Have psychological problems
2. Can’t have normal intimate relationships
3. Like pain in general
4. Are all sex abuse survivors
5. Are all weirdos
76
BDSM Learning theory
- Classical conditioning → learned association
- Pairing sexual pleasure with pain
- Boy is spanked and penis rubs against mother’s knee → arousal
77
Endorphins theory
Released when engaging in BDSM activity
78
Escape from the self theory
- Suspend regular everyday life and take on a different role
- More men enjoy sexual masochism → takes them out of traditional masculine role and escape from reality
79
Giving oneself over for another’s pleasure theory
- Putting partner’s needs above own → getting pleasure from giving pleasure
- **************Sexual communal strength**************
80
Cognitive Theory
- Cognitive distortions in which they perceive an unconventional stimulus (shoes) as erotic
- Perception of arousal is distorted
- Driven to sexual behaviour when aroused but might actually be caused by feelings of guilt and self-loathing
81
Courtship Theory
distortions (exaggerations) in courtship
behaviour during adolescence become ingrained
82
Looking for a potential partner
initial phase of courtship
- Might manifest as voyeurism
83
Pretactile interaction
talking or flirting with a potential
partner
- Exhibitionism
84
Tactile interaction
usually consists of touching, hugging, hand holding, etc. (this could also be considered foreplay)
- Frotteurism
85
Affecting genital union
more commonly known as sexual intercourse
- Rape, sexual assault
86
Learning Theory
classical conditioning
- Pairing of non-sexual stimuli with sexual arousal
87
Biological Theory
brain organization
- Evidence: people tend to have more than one fetish suggesting a neurological pattern / organization
88
Lovemap Theory
- Developed by John Money
- Combination of biological and learning theories
- During childhood, develop template for sexual relationships
- Disruptions → paraphilias
89
personal blueprint for ideal erotic experiences
- Developed from birth
- Formed around puberty
- Random experiences that provoke arousal (being spanked, getting aroused in public settings) might cause a disturbance in development and leading to pairing experience with something inappropriate
- Leads to paraphilia
90
AA-Type 12-Step Programs
- most effective for rapists and exhibitionists
- least effective for intrafamily child sex offenders
91
Surgical Castration
Used in Europe and US
92
types of Therapy (3)
1. **Psychoeducation, Acceptance, and Integration**
2. **Couples Therapy (if partnered)**
- Working towards integrating sexual interest into relationship with partner
- Generally partners are understanding and want to develop a relationship that is satisfying for both
3. **Cognitive Behavioural Therapy**
- Anxiety reduction, reduced rumination, reduced intrusive thoughts
- Challenge cognitive distortions, e.g., catastrophizing, black and white thinking
- Behaviour management (if risk)
93
Mutlisystemetic therapy (MST)
- family therapy, behavioural (parent) skills training, and CBT
- addresses youth and caregiver denial about offence
94
Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy
Used extensively to treat incarcerated sex offenders
1. education on condition and contributing factors (such as classical and operant conditioning)
2. practice in impulse-control and mindfulness
3. training in problem-solving if experiencing depression, anxiety, or boredom
4. cognitive restructuring to deal with negative thoughts (modifications of distorted thinking)
5. skills to prevent relapse
95
Aversion therapy
- Pairing of unpleasant stimuli with problematic stimuli
- Associate sexual interest with unpleasantness
96
Social skills training
Learn to better interact with appropriate target
97
Orgasmic reconditioning
- Pairing of sexual arousal with appropriate target
- Expanding sexual interest through masturbation
98
Most effective drug overall
Leuprolide acetate (LA)
99
Most effective with juvenile offenders
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
- Dampen sex drive → help reduce drive towards distressing sexual interests
100
Anti-androgens
(i.e., chemical castration)
- Reduces sex drive
- Usedin the past with sex offenders
- 80-90% of men within 12 weeks
101
Sexual Compulsions
Intense, sexually arousing fantasies, urges and associated behavior that are intrusive and driven and repetitive
102
Carne’s 4-step cycle: triggered by negative affect
From book: The Sexual Addiction
1. Preoccupation
- Person can think of nothing other than sexual act
2. Rituals
- Preludes to sexual act
3. Compulsive sexual behaviour
- Feeling out of control when engaging in behaviour
4. Despair
- Despair over lack of control
PREVALENCE: 5% of population → more common in men than in women
103
Dogging
term used to describe outdoor sexual activity
104
Nymphomania
hypersexuality in WOMEN
105
Satyriases
hypersexuality in MEN (or, Don Juanism)
106
Most common unconventional behaviours:
- compulsive masturbation
- protracted promiscuity
- dependence on pornography
107
6 Types of Hypersexual persons:
1. paraphilic hypersexuality
- porn consumption, solicitation, fetishes, voyeurism
2. avoidant masturbation
- viewing pornography and several hours per day masturbating
- leads to school failure, job loss, social isolation
3. chronic adultery
- chronically cheat on spouses
- few have paraphilic interests and do not spend large amounts of time pursuing sexual gratification
- report desire for daily sex
- sex with wives → infrequent, does not occur (due to dyspareunia, low libido, or past sexual abuse)
4. sexual guilt
- sexual activity is in the normal range but they feel extremely guilty about it
- more likely to be women
5. designated patient
- referred by romantic partner → has restricted beliefs about sex and discovers activity they dont approve of
- shows no signs of behavioural extremes / paraphilic disorder
6. diagnosed with non-sexual condition → personality disorder, hypomania, developmental delay, etc.
- symptoms may be related to medications
108
OSA
online sexual activity
109
3 categories of OSA
1. *****************non-arousal OSA:***************** looking for sex info, searching for advice about sexual relationships, joining a dating service, joining a kink community
2. **********************solitary-arousal OSA:********************** viewing sexually explicit photos, watching others engaged in sex on a webcam, posting a photo of yourself engaging in sex
3. **************partnered-arousal OSA (cybersex):************** having an avatar engage in sex with another avatar, online sexual chat, electronic toy controlled by someone else, doing things on a webcam for someone else
110
3 As of the internet
1. anonymity
2. accessibility
3. affordability
111
Co-occurrences with problematic internet users (3)
(15-20 hours per week on sexual pursuits)
- depressed
- report sleep disturbances
- alcohol and drug abuse
112
Asphyxiophilia (erotic asphysication)
- Desire to induce oneself in a state of oxygen deficiency to create sexual arousal or enhance sexual excitement and orgasm
- deaths: 3:1 Men to women
- WHY? → belief that orgasm/arousal intensified by oxygen deprivation and urethral ejaculation (no evidence for this)
113
Zoophilia (bestiality)
- Sexual contact with an animal
- Zoophiles → different than bestialists
- Emphasis on concern for animal’s welfare and consensuality
- 8% men
- 17% boys on farms
- 3-4% women
- WHY?
- desire for affection
- pleasurable sex
114
Saliromania
- mainly in men
- desire to damage or soil a woman or clothes, or an image of a woman (painting or statue)
115
Coprophilia
feces important to sexual satisfaction
116
****************************************************urophilia****************************************************
- Urine important for satisfaction
- “golden showers” or “water sports”
117
Necrophilia
- Sex with dead person
- Mild → severe
- mild = fantasies
- extreme = kills person to have sex with
118
Sexsomnia
- Sleep sex
- Automatic, unintentional behaviours during sleep
- Occurs during nonrapid eye movement sleep
- Reduced cortical control → uninhibited behaviour
- Unaware of behaviour, no memory of what happened
- Broad → fondling, masturbation, cunnilingus, sexual intercourse, sexual assault
- 80% = men
- Causal features: sleep apnea, sleep deprivation, stress, alcohol use or abuse, medication
- Considered a sleep disorder (not paraphilia)
119
Primary prevention
intervening in home life or other factors during childhood to prevent problems from developing or teach people how to cope with crises or stress so problems don’t develop
120
Secondary prevention
identify individual high at-risk to minimize difficulties
121
Alternative approaches → Component of Sexual Development
Idea: ensure child has healthy development of these components:
1. Sexual responsiveness (arousal to appropriate or inappropriate stimuli)
2. Formation of relationships with others
122
problems with term "sexual addition"
no withdrawal from abstinence (not chemically dependent), social construction for behaviour we dont like, medicalization of sex
123
Compulsive sexual behaviour
Individual experiences sexual arousing fantasies, urges, and associated sexual behaviours that are intrusive, driven, and repetitive
INDIVIDUAL HAS LOST CONTROL OVER BEHAVIOUR
5% of population, 70% are men
