Neuromodulators 1: The Dominergic System

Question 1

dopamine

Answer 1

project and receive inputs from sensory and higher cortical areas

Question 2

VTA and and SN

Answer 2

located in the middle line of the ventral midbrain

Question 3

Catecholamines include

Answer 3

dopamine

norepinephrine aka adrenaline

Epinephrine aka noradrenaline

Question 4

Tyrosine

Answer 4

the main catecholamines precursor and a non essential amino acid

ex : sesame seeds
cottage cheese
Banana
Avocados

Question 5

Dopamine Synthesis

Answer 5

Tyrosine hydroxylate(TH) is the rate limiting enzyme regulated by negative feedback

Question 6

synthesis

Answer 6

tyrosine is converted into dopamine

Question 7

storage

Answer 7

dopamine storage within synaptic vesicles is mediated by VMAT2

Question 8

reserpine

Answer 8

inhibits the uptake of neurotransmitters like neuroepinephrine into vesicles

Question 9

amphetamine

Answer 9

helps accelerate the release of synaptic vesicles

Question 10

methamphetamine

Answer 10

increases the release of dopamine in the brain, leading to heightened feelings of pleasure

Question 11

release (exocytosis)

Answer 11

upon the arrival of an action potential to the terminal dopamine is released

Question 12

reuptake(endocytosis)

Answer 12

the endocytosis of free extracellular dopamine is mediated by dopamine transporters

Question 13

inactivation

Answer 13

back inside of the cell, dopamine is metabolized by the enzyme monoamine oxidase

Question 14

MAO inhibitors

Answer 14

moclobemide

phenelzine

rasagiline

Question 15

All 5 DA receptor subtypes interact with BLANK and function via BLANK

Answer 15

G proteins

second messengers

Question 16

D1 and D5

Answer 16

excitatory receptors

Question 17

D2, D3, and D4

Answer 17

inhibitory receptors

Question 18

Gs coupled receptors

Answer 18

increase cAMP and CREB activity

activate the ERK pathway

increase excitability of neurons

Question 19

Gq coupled receptors

Answer 19

mobilize phospholipid signaling and crosstalk with tyrosine kinase

increase calcium signaling

increase excitability of neurons

Question 20

Gi coupled receptors

Answer 20

decrease cAMP pathway activity

decrease neuronal excitability

decrease release of neurotransmitter

Question 21

DA receptors of D2 receptors trigger the opening of BLANK channels, which causes the BLANK of the cell

Answer 21

K+

hyper polarization

Question 22

processes that shape adolescent mesocorticolimbic dopamine maturation in response to environmental cues

Answer 22

1. Sex hormones
2. Neurotropic factors
3. Synapse and receptor pruning

Question 23

D1

Answer 23

when activated by dopamine, cAMP levels are increased, which leads to activation of the cell

Question 24

D2

Answer 24

when activated by dopamine, cAMP levels are reduced, which leads to inhibition of the cell