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Biol 305 > Chapter 3: blood and immunity > Flashcards

Chapter 3: blood and immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the first lines of defense?

A

Innate (nonspecific) immunity::
- intact skin
- mucous membranes & their secretions
- normal microbiota

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2
Q

What is the second line of defense?

A

Innate (nonspecific immunity):
- natural killer cells and phagocytic white blood cells
- inflammation
- fever
- antimicrobial substances

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3
Q

What is the third line of defense?

A

Acquired immunity::
- specialized lymphocytes (T and B cells)
- antibodies

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4
Q

What is a CBC?

A
  • Complete blood count
  • blood test to evaluate your overall health and detect a wide range of disorders including: parasite & pathogen infection, anemia, leukemia
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5
Q

How much of all body cells are RBCs (%)?

A

84%

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6
Q

How many cells out of all the body cells are blood cells (%)?

A

90%

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7
Q

What are the types of white blood cells?

A
  1. neutrophils (50-70%)
  2. eosinophils (2-4%)
  3. basophils (<1%)
  4. lymphocytes (20-30%)
  5. monocytes (2-8%)
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8
Q

What is the Wright stain?

A
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9
Q

What is a reticulcyte?

A
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10
Q

What are H&E stains?

A
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11
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A

A stem cell (pluripotent) comes from bone and then splits into 2 types of stem cells (Myeloid and Lymphoid stem cells)
- Myeloid stem cells: turn into blood cells
- lymphoid stem cells: turn into immunity cells (macrophages, Tcels, Bcells, etc.)

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12
Q

What are the types of granular leukocytes? (also be able to recognize)

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. eosinophils
  3. basophils
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13
Q

What do basophils do?

A

migrate to damaged tissue and release histamine and heparin

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14
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

they are phagocytes that are attracted to foreign compounds that have reacted with antibodies

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15
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

become macrophage

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16
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

included T-cells, B-cells, and NK cells (natural killer)

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17
Q

What do B-cells do?

A

produce antibodies (humoral immunity) larger than T-cells

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18
Q

what do T-cells do?

A

cell-mediated immunity

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19
Q

What is the order of abundance of WBC (CBC count)?

A
  1. Neutrophils — 60-70%, 4150 (avg. #)
  2. Lymphocytes— 20-25%, 2185 (avg. #)
  3. Macrophages — 3-8%, 456 (avg. #)
  4. Eosinophils — 2-4%, 165 (avg. #)
  5. Basophils — 0.5-1%, 44 (avg. #)
    - Never Let Monkeys Eat Bannanas
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20
Q

What is the normal range for a WBC count?

A

4,500-11,000

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21
Q

What characterizes a bacteria infection?

A

neutrophil count high

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22
Q

What characterizes a viral infection?

A

lymphocyte count high

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23
Q

What characterizes a toxoplasmosis infection?

A

lymphocyte count high

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24
Q

What characterizes a malaria infection?

A

“signet ring” inside RBCs

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25
Q

What characterizes a worm parasite infection?

A

high eosinophil count

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26
Q

What characterizes a tick infection?

A

high numbers of basophils

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27
Q

What characterizes COVID-19?

A

high numbers of eosinophils are common, as well as large immature platelets in blood clotting

28
Q

What is the difference between a thin & thick blood smeare?

A
  • Thin: needs dried, fixed, and stained
  • Thick: also dried, fixed, and stained, but also put water on it for the cells to lyse or split apart
29
Q

Which parasite disappears from blood?

A

Plasmodium Falciparum (malaria) “disappears” from blood, it hides in the lymph nodes, etc.
- do blood peripheral blood smear at night because they come out at night more like mosquitos
- you need good microscopy, blood stains, and something else to determine the strains of malaria

30
Q

What are some examples of privileged sites in blood cells?

A
  • Plasmodium vivax occupies RBC
  • leishmania occupies WBC
31
Q

Can parasites invade organs? if so which ones?

A
  • leishmaniasis, malaria, babesiosis, schistosomiasis, and toxoplasmosis all can
  • invate spleen, liver, and lymph nodes
  • can cause tissue damage as well as affecting blood and immunity
32
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

red and white blood cell filtration — numbers are critical to health

33
Q

What is an acquired immune response?

A

developed during a specific individuals life time

34
Q

What is humoral immunity?

A

involves Ab made by B cells in body fluid (in greek humors = fluid)

35
Q

What is cell-mediated immunity?

A

involves T cells

36
Q

What is the G.O.D principle?

A

Generator of Diversity (of Ab — Ab = antibodies)
- expressing the ability of the body’s ability to manufacture whatever defense is needed

37
Q

What are the 5 types of antibodies?

A
  1. IgM
  2. IgG
  3. IgA
  4. IgD
    5.IgE
    (analogy on slide 23)
38
Q

What does Ig stand for in antibodies?

A

immunuloglobulin — they are proteins

39
Q

What are IgMs?

A
  • largest of antibodies
  • principle component of a 1 response
  • first to arrive, shortest stay
40
Q

What are IgGs?

A
  • most abundant
  • stays the longest
  • principal component of 2 response from vaccine
  • enhances phagocytosis
41
Q

What are IgAs?

A
  • found mainly in secretions
  • EX: mucous, tears, saliva, milk
  • numerous in respiratory infections
42
Q

What are IgDs?

A
  • assist B-cell response
  • facilitates maturation of the secret service antibody response
  • antigen receptor on some functions of IgD are not known — is a “secret”
43
Q

What are IgEs?

A
  • mainly involved with multicellular (worm) parasitic infections
  • works with eosinophils
  • also involved with airborne allergies/allergens
44
Q

know diagram on slide 24 for quiz/test

A
45
Q

What is a disease?

A
  • the appearance of clinical symptoms
  • the disease occurrence and severity are usually a function of intensity of infection (number of parasites/host)
46
Q

What is the hygiene hypothesis?

A

if you are too clean early on in life then you may have troubles later
- in other countries they prescribe worms for different infections (helminth therapy
- they don’t have enough IgE in the body

47
Q

graph on slide 25 — look at it in powerpoint

A
48
Q

What does the microbial deprivation hypothesis state?

A
  • the proper development of the animal immune system depends on continuous exposure to a variety of antigens
  • among them are bacteria and parasites
  • studies have found an inverse relationship between some autoimmune diseases and parasitic diseases
49
Q

What is the primary response (for adaptive immunity)?

A

first time the immune system combats a particular substance

50
Q

what is a secondary response (for adaptive response)?

A
  • later interactions with the same foreign substances
  • faster and more effective due to “memory”
51
Q

What is “adaptive” immunit?

A

defenses that target a specific pathogen

52
Q

What is an attenuated germ?

A
  • a weakened pathogen to stimulate the antibody
  • immune system learns from them
53
Q

Who are pioneers in immunity vaccination?

A

Jenner and Pasteur

54
Q

What is the new malaria vaccine?

A
  • R21 vaccine —> second malaria vaccine recommended by WHO
  • both of the vaccines are shown safe and effective in malaria prevention in children
  • expected to have high public health impact
55
Q

Know diagram on slide 32

A
56
Q

What is immunological memory?

A

secondary (memory lit. recall) response occurs after the second exposure to antigen

57
Q

What “stores” the pathogen specificity?

A

the antibody structure
- have a heavy chain
- antigen binding region from heavy & light chain with grooves in between (binding site between the 2 chains)

58
Q

How does immunizations impact antibody responses?

A

graph on slide 33 & 34
- shortens the time interval for responses

59
Q

What is antibody titer?

A

the relative amount of antibody in the serum

60
Q

What is an ELISA test?

A
  • antibody/antigen test (fast &
61
Q

Giardia, crypto, etc

A

(catch up from slide 35-40)

62
Q

What can DNA changes lead to?

A
  • disease
  • malfunctioning codes caused problems
63
Q

What is the #1-2 recreational parasitic disease according to the CDC?

A
  1. Cryptosporidiosis
  2. Giardia
64
Q

When do Cryptosporidiosis symptoms begin and what are they?

A
  • begin 2-10 days after infected
  • watery diarrhea
  • stomach cramps/pain
  • dehydration
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • fever
65
Q

What does Giardia colonization stimulate? What does this benefit? Who are they colonized in with no disease?

A
  1. simulates immune response
  2. benefits immune system maturity
  3. beavers are colonized with no disease
66
Q

What are SNAP tests?

A

very rapid and easy performed tests that have helped find several local water sources with giardia

67
Q
A

Biol 305 (5 decks)

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