Couples

Question 1

Parson

Answer 1

-Instrumental & Expressive roles
-Biological roles, beneficial - New Right agree

Question 2

Young & Willmott, feminists (Critique of parsons)

Answer 2

Y&W: argue men now take a greater share of domestic tasks and wives more likely wage earners
F: reject its natural- only benefits men

Question 3

Bott

Answer 3

-Joint & segregated conjugal roles
(leisure and roles)

Question 4

Young & Wilmotts (J&S roles)

Answer 4

-Traditional WC extended families more likely to have segregated conjugal roles
-Symmetrical family more common in younger couples(socially & geographically isolated)

Question 5

Young & Wilmott

Answer 5

-Been a march of progress, moving away from segregated conjugal roles.
-Now a symmetrical family: women work, men help with domestic tasks, couples spend leisure together

Question 6

4 social changes that have encouraged the rise in symmetrical family

Answer 6

-Change in women’s position
-Geographical mobility, moving away from where they were raised
-New tech, & labour-saving devices
-higher standards of living

Question 7

Oakley (fem view of housework)

Answer 7

Criticise Y&W symmetrical family-exaggerated
-Found: 15% men had high participation in housework & 25% with childcare

Question 8

Give two examples of sex-typing tasks

Answer 8

-wives 30x more likely to be the last to have done the washing
-Husbands 4x more likely to be last to have washed the car

Question 9

Womens % share of domestic work by employment status of partner (statistics)

Answer 9

-husband full-time, women full-time most equally share domestic work
-Husband full-time, wife unemployed: most DW unequal

(support march of progress, as women become more financially secure)

Question 10

Support for march of progress (Sullivan&BSA)

Answer 10

Sullivan: Found a trend towards women doing a smaller share of domestic work and men doing more
-evidence of a more equal division
BSA: fall in tradition inst & expr roles

Question 11

Heterosexual couples, gendered household tasks (stats)

Answer 11

men: make small repairs around the house
women: care for sick family, laundry, cleaning, make meals
-Big changes since 1944 in DW but still large division: laundry 6% men, 70%women
-Feminists says shows little sign of the ‘new man’

Question 12

BSA (fem view)

Answer 12

-Little sign of ‘the new man’.
EG survey:M: 10hrs on care per week, women 23hrs. (W do 2x more)

❌Quantitive data (BSA) fails to show the women’s tasks such as washing and cleaning are less intrinsically satisfying

Question 13

what % of fathers took responsibility for childcare

Answer 13

Fathers took responsibility for childcare in fewer than 4% of families

Question 14

Ferri & smith

Answer 14

Women have to perform triple shift (housework, paid work, emotion work)

Question 15

Southerton (quality time)

Answer 15

Another responsibility is organising the families quality time (juggling)
-Men likely have ‘blocs’ of leisure time but women’s often interrupted

Question 16

explanation of unequal divisions

Answer 16

-Cultural explanation: division on labour determined by patriarchal norms and values.Society expects it/socialisation.
-Material explanation: fact women generally earn less means it’s rational for women to do more domestic work-men earn.

Question 17

Evidence of cultural explanation

Answer 17

-Gershuny: couples whose parents had a more equal relationship led them to do so. Suggest parental role models important. Social values gradually adapting to women working- new norms of men doing DW
-Man Kee Kan: Younger men do more, most claim they do more than their dads & women less than their mother. generational shift.

Question 18

Evidence of material expl

Answer 18

-Kan: every £10k a year more a F earns, does 2hrs less housework/week

Question 19

critique ME

Answer 19

-No immediate prospects for equal divisions of labour if it depends on economic equality between sexes.
Eg in 7/8 homes M earn more.

Question 20

Who benefits more from resources and decision making

Answer 20

-M gain more from W domestic work than they give in financial support
-Financial support provided is often unpredictable, strings attached
-M usually make decisions abt spending on important items

Question 21

Kempson

Answer 21

-in wc homes women denied there own needs, going out, meals to make ends meet.
-Even in adequate income homes, resources may be unequally shared

Question 22

Pahl & Volger

Answer 22

-Allowance system: M give F an allowance, he keeps any surplus
-Pooling: Both have access & joint responsibility eg J bank. (common)
Even in pooling M usually made major financial decisions.
-Volger:cohabiting less likely to pool (independence) yet share DL equally

Question 23

Edgell

Answer 23

Study of professional couples, decisions
-Very Important: eg finance, job change, move house= H alone or joint
-Important: children’s edu, holiday=usually joint
-Less important: home decor,clothes, food = W alone
(economic dependence often justifies H making important decisions)
Finch: Ws lives often structured around Hs career

Question 24

Smart (PLP on money)

Answer 24

-some gay couples attach no importance to money or who controls it, happy to leave it to their partner. Didn’t =equality or inequality
-Greater freedom to do what suits them, no ‘historical, gendered, heterosexual baggage’ in relationships.

Question 25

Weeks (PLP on money)

Answer 25

-Typical pattern was pooling some £ for household spending, and having separate accounts for personal spending.
‘Co-Independence’

Question 26

What is Domestic violence

Answer 26

Home office: incident or pattern of controlling, coercive or threatening behaviour, violence or abuse those ages 16+ in relationships/families.
-Psychological, physical, sexual, financial, emotional abuse

Question 27

Evidence challenging view DV is behaviour of a few ‘sick’ ppl

Answer 27

-Far too widespread. Women’s Aid Federation: DV= 1/6 to 1/4 all recorded violent crimes. 2m reported being victims (England &Wales)
-Doesn’t occur randomly: social patterns eg M against W.
-1/3 of all F homicide victims are killed by a partner/former partner.

Question 28

Dobash & Dobash

Answer 28

-Violence could be set off when H feels W challenged his authority
-Marriage legitimises violence, by W dependency on H (power/authority)

Question 29

Crime Survey (narrow gender gap)

Answer 29

-women- 1.2m
men-800,000 reported DA in last year

Question 30

Evidence for significant gap for frequency, severity, effects of DA

Answer 30

-women suffered more severe violence & control, psychological effects. More likely fearful
-can be hard to count separate DA may be continuous, or can’t reliably count them.

Question 31

Yearnshire (Why may OS underestimate the volume of domestic violence?)

Answer 31

-Victims may be unwilling to report to the police.
-On average a W suffers 35 assaults before reporting. Least likely violent crime to be reported- fear reprisals

Question 32

(Os underestimate extent of the problem as…)

Answer 32

-Police & prosecutors may be reluctant to record, investigate or prosecute reported cases.
-Due to CJS aren’t prepared to be involved in the family as: believe it’s a private sphere- access by state agencies should be limited, it’s a good thing- agencies neglect ‘darker side’, individuals are free agents- can just leave (untrue ie economic power & violence)

Question 33

Millet & Firestone (R fem expl of DV)

Answer 33

-Internet findings eg Dobash as evidence of patriarchy, all society’s are founded on it. Men are the enemy (oppressors and exploiters of W)
-Family & Marriage key institutions of W oppression
-Widespread DV= an inevitable feature of this society, explains why most is done by men (sociological no psychology expl)
-M domination of state explains CJS reluctance to effectively prosecute

Question 34

Evaluation of Rfem view

Answer 34

-rejects claim all M benefit from violence against W. Not all violent.
-Fail to explain F violence incl child abuse, lesbian couples ect (CS: 18% of M had experienced DV since age of 16)
-Wrongly assume all women are at same risk of patriarchal violence

Question 35

Office for National Stats

Answer 35

-Some social group women face greater risk of DV eg…
-Young women
-Deprived areas
-Low income
-Shared/rented accommodation
-Addictions
-LT illness or disability
(men also apply)

Question 36

Wilkinson & Pickett (materialistic expl)

Answer 36

-focuses on economic & material factors
-DV the result of stress caused by social inequality (fewer resources).
Esp low income, overcrowded housing increases risk of violence/conflict. less social support.
-Show not all are equally at risk, less power, status, income greatest risk.

Question 37

Ansley (& evaluation of materialist expl)

Answer 37

-useful to explain class differences in stats
-don’t explain why W are main victims unlike Radical fems
-M fems, Ansley: ‘takers of shit’, DVs a product of capitalism: take frustration out on W. Fails to explain why not all M workers & F DV.