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vw ncs prep > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Primary Sensory Cortex

A

Areas 3,1,2, post central gyrus

Receives tactile, proprioceptive, pain/temp info

Distinguishes between size, shape, texture of objects

Impairments: loss of ability assess quality and discriminate intensity

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2
Q

Sensory Association Cortex

A

Areas 5,7, parietal lobe- post to S1

Stereogenesis, recognition of the manipulated item

Pain info processed here

Impairments;: astereogenesis, cortical neglect

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3
Q

Primary Visual Cortex

A

Area 17, calcerine sulcus

Distinguishes light and dark, location, movement and shapes

Impairments: blindness of opp visual field

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4
Q

Visual Association Cortex

A

Areas 18-21, surround V1

Analysis of motion/color, recognition of faces, visual memories, hallucinations

Control of visual fixation

Impairments: visual agnosia- inability recognize objects in contralateral field

Prosopagnosia- inability to recognize people’s faces

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5
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex

A

Area 41, superior temporal gyrus

Receives info from bilat cochlea

Conscious awareness of the intensity of sound

Impairments: loss of ability to localize sound

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6
Q

Auditory Association Cortex

A

Areas 22, 42, surrounding A1

Wernicke’s area is 22

Classification of sounds as language, music, noise

Impairments: auditory agnosia

L auditory association cortex- inability to understand speech

R side- inability to interpret noises

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7
Q

Vestibular Cortex

A

Area 40, post to S1

Receives info on head position from vestibulothalamocortical pathways

Impairments: interferes with conscious awareness of head position/movement

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8
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

A

Area 4, pre central gyrus

Controls contralateral movement

Fine movements

Bilat projections to upper face & back muscles

Motor homunculus- larger area for hands/feet (fine motor); smaller area for trunk/proximal limbs

Impairments:
Contralateral paresis and loss of fractionation of movement

Dysarthria: speech disorders resulting from paralysis, incoordination, or spasticity of the muscles used for speaking
Spastic: damage to UMN -Harsh, awkward speech

Flaccid: damage to LMN (CN IX,X,and/or XII) - Breathy, soft, and imprecise speech

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9
Q

Supplementary Motor Cortex

A

Area 6, ant to M1

Initiates movement, orientation of head, bimanual movement, sequential movements

Impairments: apraxia- inability to perform movement and/or sequence of movements

Agraphia

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10
Q

Premotor Cortex

A

Area 6, ant to M1

Controls trunk and girdle muscles

Impairments: apraxia- inability to perform movement and/or sequence of movements

Agraphia

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11
Q

Broca’s Area

A

Area 44, part of 45

L side: planning mouth movements and grammatical aspects of speech

R side: planning nonverbal communication. gestures, adjusts tone of voice

Impairments: inability to express self by language or symbols, speaking or writing

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12
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A

Areas 9,10,12

Controls behavior, interprets sensation, processes emotions and memory

Self-awareness and executive functions- goal setting, planning, executing, monitoring

Impairments: loss of executive thinking, apathy, lack of initiation, lack of goal-directed behavior

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13
Q

Parietotemporal Association Cortex

A

Junction of parietal, temporal and occipital lobes

Intelligence, problem solving, comprehension of communication, spatial relationships

Impairments: Wernicke’s aphasia- inability to comprehend verbal/written language

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14
Q

Limbic Cortex

A

Ant and inf frontal lobes

Regulates mood, affect, processing memory

Impairments: personality and emotional changes

Damage to orbitofrontal cortex: inappropriate or risky behavior, poor judgement but intact intellect; social inappropriateness

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15
Q

VA

A

Ventral anterior thalamus (relay nucleus)

Motor

Project to pre central gyrus, M1

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16
Q

VL

A

Ventral lateral thalamus

Motor

Project to M1

17
Q

VPL

A

Ventral posterior lateral thalamus

Somatosensation of body

Projects to post-central gyrus, S1

18
Q

VPM

A

Ventral posterior medial thalamus

Somatosensation of face

Projects to S1

19
Q

MG

A

Medial geniculate of thalamus

Hearing

Projects to A1, temporal lobe

20
Q

LG

A

Lateral geniculate of thalamus

Vision

Projects to V1, occipital lobe

21
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

Caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, putamen, sub thalamic nucleus, substantia niagra

Striatum: caudate + putamen
Lentiform nucleus: putamen and globus pallidus

Motor: movement sequencing, muscle tone, force regulation, & selective motor control

Cognitive: Awareness of body orientation, memory for location of objects, motivation, changing behavior

22
Q

Limbic System

A

HOME- homeostatic function, olfaction, memory and emotions

Cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, Hippocampal formation, amygdala, septal area, hypothalamus

23
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Primary commissural region of brain, consisting of white matter tracts that connect R/L sides of brain

24
Q

CN I

A

Olfactory Nerve

Sensory- smell

Entry/exit: inferior frontal lobe

The only nerve that does not transmit info through thalamus- goes direct to limbic system

Testing: coffee, chocolate one nostril at a time

Anosmia/hyperanosmia

25
Q

CN II

A

Optice Nerve

Sensory- vision

Retinal cells-> optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract–>

CNS entry/exit: LGN of thalamus (diencephalon)

TESTING: one eye at a time, pupillary reflex

Blindness, hemianopsia

26
Q

CN III

A

Occulomotor Nerve

Motor- controls eye mvmts, lifts eyelids, pupil constriction, thickens the lens, EXCEPT lateral rectus and superior oblique

CNS exit/entry: ventral midbrain

TESTING: finger following test, pupil size/reflex, opening eyelid

Double vision, ptosis- eyelid dropping, dilation of pupil

27
Q

CN IV

A

Trochlear

Motor- superior Oblique (SO4LR6)

Moves eyes inferiomedially- down & in when walking down stairs

CNS entry/exit: posterior midbrain

Impaired down/in gaze; diplopia, rarely have isolation lesion of CN IV

28
Q

CN V

A

Trigeminal: V1 ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular

Sensory- facial, cornea, ant 2/3 tongue, nasal sinuses, meninges

Motor- muscles of mastication, tensor tympani

CNS exit/entry: lateral pons

TESTING: touch over 3 branches, clench teeth, jaw reflex, corneal reflex

Weakness/atrophy of mastication muscles

Jaw deviates to paralyzed side
Lat meduall/pons lesion: ipsi loss of pain/temp
Supranuclear lesions- no atrophy and contralateral anesthesia

29
Q

CN VI

A

Abducens

Motor- lateral rectus mm

CNS entry/ext: pons/medulla junction

Lateral gaze palsy, strabisums (medial rectus unopposed), diplopia

30
Q

CN VII

A

Facial Nerve

Sensory: taste ant 2/3 tongue, outer ear

Motor: facial muscles, closes eyes, moves lips, muscles of facial expression, stapedius

Visceral: salivary and lacrimal glands

TESTING: puff cheeks, smile, frown, corneal blink reflex, taste ant 2/3 tongue

Proximal lesion- hyperacussis, absent taste, disrupted secretion of tears/saliva

LMN: total unilateral paralysis of weakness

UMN: sparing of forehead/brow- receives input from bilat cortex

31
Q

CN VIII

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve

Sensory: hearing (ipsi nucleus), vestibular- position of head (ipsi nucleus)

TESTING: Rinne test (conductive loss)- 512 running fork on mastoid process; once patient hears it, move it to right near ear, pt should hear it better near ear
Weber test (sensineural loss)- tuning fork on top of skull, localizes to ears, ear with loss will not hear as well

(R/L) HIT

Loss of hearing, vertigo/dysequillibrium

32
Q

CN IX

A

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

Sensory: middle ear, pharynx, touch and taste post 1/3 tongue, outer ear, carotid body sinus

Motor: stylopharyngeus mm- elevates pharynx, parotid gland

CNS exit/entry: medulla

TESTING: gag reflex (w/ CN X)

lack of gag reflex or asymmetrical elevation of soft palate

33
Q

CN X

A

Vagus Nerve

Sensory: chemo/baroreceptors of aortic arch, larynx/pharynx, trachea, lungs, heart, upper GI, pancreas, gallbladder

carotid sinus reflex (CN IX)
cough reflex
gag reflex
swallowing reflex (CN IX)

Motor: pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles (swallowing and phonation), viscera of abdomen and thorax

CNS exit/entry: medulla

TESTING: Pt says “Ah” normal if soft palate rises, gag reflex (CN IX)

Asymmetrical soft palate, hoarseness, uvula deviates to normal side

34
Q

CN XI

A

Spinal Accessory Nerve

Motor: upper traps and sternocleidomastoid

CNS exit/entry: spinal cord and medulla

TESTING: MMT of UT’s and SCM

Weakness/paralysis

35
Q

CN XII

A

Hypoglossal Nerve

Motor: ipsilateral tongue

CNS entry/exit: medulla

TESTING: stick-out tongue, supra nuclear lesion tongue deviates to opposite side of lesion, LMN tongue deviates to same side lesion

vw ncs prep (5 decks)

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