Cours 5 : Intellectual Disability

Question 1

Institutions for the girls of KIN/CEP?

Answer 1

Douglas Hospital (Robert’s Recreation Center)

Riviere-des-Prairies Hospital

Special Olympics

CIVA (centre d’intégration a la vie active)

CIUSS

Question 2

What is the definition and diagnosis of intellectual disability?

Answer 2

Substantial limitation in certain personal capabilities

Is manifested in significantly sub average intellect (tests)

Begins before age 18 (developmental period)

Exists concurrently with related disability in 2 or more of the adaptative skill areas like communications, home living, community use, health and safety, work, self-care, social skills, self-direction and functional academics

Adaptive functioning

Question 3

What is the mild range of ID and functional level?

Answer 3

IQ range : 50/55 to 70
Can generally learn reading, writing + math skills between 3rd and 6th grade levels

May have jobs and live independently

Question 4

What is the moderate range of ID and functional level?

Answer 4

IQ range : 35/40 to 50/55

May be able to learn some basic reading + writing

Able to learn functional skills such as safety and self-help.

Require some type of supervision

Question 5

What is the severe range of ID and functional level?

Answer 5

IQ range : 20/25 to 35/40

Probably not able to read + write, although they may learn self-help skills and routines

Require supervision in their ADLs

Question 6

What is the profound range of ID and functional level?

Answer 6

IQ range : below 20/25

Require intensive support. May be able to communicate by verbal or other means

May have medical conditions requiring ongoing treatment

Question 7

What is the incidence of ID?

Answer 7

Mild = 90%
Moderate = 5%
Severe = 3.5%
Profound = 1.5%

Question 8

ID accounts for what percentage of the Canadian population?

Answer 8

0.5% to 1%. And 190,000 to 380,000 people

Question 9

What is the number 1 factor?

Answer 9

Malnutrition

Question 10

Who are the people that are in the range of 20 to 68 IQ?

Answer 10

Individuals with intellectual disability

Question 11

Who are the people that are in the range of 115 to 145 IQ?

Answer 11

University students, more than that, its people that are gifted

Question 12

What is the normal range of IQ?

Answer 12

IQ from 68 to 132

Question 13

What are the causes of intellectual disability?

Answer 13

No clear etiology can be determined for approximately 30 to 40% of individuals with ID despite extensive lab testing. However ID causes can occur during one of these 3 periods : prenatal (from conception to the end for the 27th week of pregnancy), perinatal( from 28th week of pregnancy through 28 days following birth) and postnatal (anytime before the age of 18).

Question 14

Prenatal - etiology about genes

Answer 14

Chromosomal/genteic disorders (no control over it)
Abnormality of genes inherited from parents (ex : fragile X syndrome : gap or break in the long arm of the X chromosome)

Errors when genes combine (ex : Down syndrome) - failure of chromosome pairs to separate properly during fertilization + other disorder of the genes during pregnancy (over exposure to X-rays)

Question 15

Prenatal - etiology about environment

Answer 15

Alcohol or drugs (10 to 20% of mild ID in developed countries can be traced directly to the mother’s drinking g

Smoking

Malnutrition

Illness of the mother during pregnancy (rubella (major factor before immunizations were developed) and sexually transmitted diseases : HIV/AIDS and syphilis (main maternal infections)

Question 16

Perinatal etiology for ID?

Answer 16

Abnormal labor or delivery
Prematurity and low birth weight babies

Question 17

Postnatal etiology for ID?

Answer 17

Childhood diseases (meningitis, encephalitis)
Tis = Inflammation

Accidents (TBI) =

Exposure to lead, mercury, and other environmental toxins, environmental deprivation (malnutrition, disadvantaged areas —≥under-stimulation (child neglect + abuses (baby shaken syndrome)

Question 18

What’s the correlation between dendrite formation and intellectual disability ?

Answer 18

The dendrites of retarded children had many fewer dendritic spines, and the spines that they did have were usually long and thin. The extent of the spine changes was elle correlated with the degree of mental retardation.

Normal synaptic développement , including maturation of the dendritic spines, depends critically on the environnement during infancy and early childhood. AN impoverished environnement during an early critical period of the development can lead to profound changes in the circuits of the brain. However, there is some good news. Many of the deprivation-induced changes in the brain can be reversed if the intervention occurs early enough (brain plasticity).

Question 19

What does the dendrite look like from a mentally disabled infant?

Answer 19

Fewer dendrites

Unusually Ling and thin

Correlated with the degree of ID, which means the more abnormal the dendrite are, more the ID will be severe.

Dendrites are able to capture the neurotransmitters

Question 20

What are the characteristics of ID?

Answer 20

More limited capacities : abstract thinking, concept formation, generalization and problem solving

Question 21

What are the learning characteristics : implication for exercise for ID?

Answer 21

Learn at a slower rate (easy rules)

Memory and retention : up the number of repetitions

Difficulty generalizing (treadmill, stat.bike

Instructions must be concrete (not just verbal communication

Question 22

What are the social characteristics of ID?

Answer 22

Able to live independently if IQ is up 50 (under supervision)

Question 23

What are the physical and motor characteristics of ID?

Answer 23

Up severe mental impairment = more lag (down the IQ = Up motor delays
Up severe mental impairment = Up difficulty with ADLs and self-care —> walk (can be up to 3.2 years behind) and talk later

Physical constraints : shorter, fatter, wide hips

Fitness is a problem area : down strength, endurance, agility, balance, running speed, flexibility and reaction time (vs. Non ID individuals

Body composition - overweight (59% females and 28% males

Lower cardiovascular fitness (vs non mentally retarded individuals

Question 24

Why did the researchers did a study on the effects of a resistance training program on adults with mental disabilities?

Answer 24

Because the studies shows that resistance training can improve muscular strength and endurance, physical work capacity, and metabolic function and can also decrease the risk of serious injury from a fall or other type of accident. However, none of the research focused on the mental disabled population for that.

Question 25

What were the 2 purpose of the research?

Answer 25

1. To determine if a 9-week progressive resistance training program could improve the muscular strength and endurance in a group of adults with mental retardation.
2. To determine whether adults with mental retardation could adhere to a resistance training program for 9 weeks and could learn to use the NAUTILUS WEIGHT -TRAINING SYSTEM with minimal assistance

Question 26

Who are the participants for this research?

Answer 26

24 adults (13 women and 11 men) ranging in age from 23 to 49 years were recruited from two intermediate care facilities in northern Illinois to participate in this study. Participants classified as mentally retarded (IQ 40-70) and were selected on a volunteer basis.

Question 27

What were the adaptations?

Answer 27

• Subjects participate for 2 session in the weight training program before any baseline strength/muscular endurance measurements were taken. Procedure was used to reduce the learning effect associated with weight training.
• Participants worked in pair and according to their ability. All the higher functioning clients were each paired with a lower functional inf prison who was not able to record his/her own scores. The names of the weight-training machines were labeled by their movement so that the subjects would have an easier time understanding what was expected of them.

Graduate students (for the first training sessions), showed the subjects how to use the equipment correctly, made sure that each one was perforating the specified number of sets + repetitions and helped the subjects record their scores on the designated form.

Question 28

What are the results of the research experiment?

Answer 28

Experimental group = significant improvement over the control group in all strength measures except leg extension.

Question 29

What is the discussion about in the research?

Answer 29

High intensity resistance training program is capable of inducing dramatic increases in muscular strength and endurance in adults with mental retardation in as little as 9 weeks. Increase of upper body strength. With this type of training, there’s a better employment potential, which gives them a better life satisfaction and increase independance.