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Developmental psychology > Chapter 19 + Moffitt: Risk and Resilience > Flashcards

Chapter 19 + Moffitt: Risk and Resilience Flashcards

1
Q

Which 5 systems are there in Bronfenbrenner’s model (small to large)?

A
  1. Microsystem
  2. Mesosystem
  3. Exosystem
  4. Macrosystem
  5. Chronosystem
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2
Q

What is resilience? Which 2 conditions must apply?

A

Children experience positive outcomes despite experiencing significant risk

  1. Exposure to threat
  2. Positive adaptations
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3
Q

What is the difference between protective and vulnerability factors?

A

Protective: increase chance of adaptive development
Vulnerability: decrease chance of adaptive development

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4
Q

What is parental bereavement? Name 3 additional stressors

A

Loss/death of a parent

  • Family restructuring
  • New expectations
  • Parental grief
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5
Q

What is the intergenerational cycle of difficulties?

A

Implicit and explicit non-verbal and verbal ways an adult communicates their traumatic experiences

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6
Q

What is the main reason for children’s lower ability and achievement in divorcing parents?

A

Deterioration of economic conditions

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7
Q

What are societal mechanisms that can have a big influence on children’s development? Name 3 and also state a consequence

A

Discrimination - racism - prejudice

Consequence = underachievement ethnic minority children

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8
Q

What are examples of catastrophic events? Do these events elicit long-term effects?

A

War, flooding, natural disasters

No long term effects, especially not when placed in new safe environment

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9
Q

On what do the effects of parenting depend? Name 4 things

A
  1. Child characteristics
  2. How parents deal with separation
  3. Presence of others in exosystem
  4. Place and time
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10
Q

What is the cumulative risk theory?

A

Sum of risk factors rather than any single risk is what leads to dysfunction. More risk factors overwhelm adaptive capacities

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11
Q

What are the 10 environmental risks according to Sameroff?

A

1 Maternal mental illness
2 High maternal anxiety
3 Rigidity in parental perspectives
4 Few positive maternal interactions during infancy
5 Minimal maternal education
6 Head of household in an unskilled occupation
7 Disadvantaged minority
8 Single parenthood
9 Stressful life events
10 Large family size

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12
Q

What is the impact of cumulative risk on IQ?

A

Children with no environmental risks scored 30 IQ points higher on IQ test than children with 8/9 risk factors

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13
Q

What are 2 important drawbacks of the cumulative risk approach? What has to be done in follow-up research?

A
  • Each risk factor doesn’t carry the same weight
  • Risk factors are interchangeable

Follow up: test specificity of risk factors

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14
Q

What is the SDQ and which 5 things does it measure? (strenghts and difficulties questionnaire)

A

Test that measures:
1 prosocial behavior
2 hyperactivity
3 emotional symptoms
4 conduct problems (stealing)
5 peer problems

The total score is more important than type of risk

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15
Q

What is the Adverse Life Events Scale (ALES) and what does it measure?

A

Measures life stress and poses 25 possible stressful events over which children had little to no control

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16
Q

What is risk-specificity?

A

Specific characteristics of an individual risk factor

17
Q

What is the difference between equifinality and multifinality?

A

Equifinality: Multiple risk factors can lead to the same problem >

Multifinality: one risk factor can lead to multiple problems <

18
Q

What is a locus of control? How is this a protective factor?

A

Beliefs about sources about one’s success/failures

If internal locus of control, high protective factor

19
Q

What are 2 factors for internalizing problems?

A
  1. Child characteristics (temperament, locus of control)
  2. Environmental characteristics (family, stressful events)
20
Q

What are 2 factors for externalizing problems?

A
  • Disinhibited temperament
  • Weak self-control
21
Q

What is transgenerational transmission? Name 3 causes of it

A

Increased chance of developing problems when parents have a problem
–> genetics, prenatal factors, social learning

22
Q

What are 3 different models of vulnerability?

A
  1. Moderator interaction effect models
  2. Main effect models
  3. Mediator interaction effect models
23
Q

What is the moderator interaction effect model?

A

Model tests if the prediction of a dependent variable can be explained by another third variable.

Whether a variable is considered a protective factor depends on its connection with the risk factor, not if it has positive or negative qualities

24
Q

What is a main effects model? What are the downsides?

A

Models that identify single factors as determining whether a given child exposed to risk has a good or poor outcome
–> Downside: not good at determining general protective factors

25
Q

What is a mediator effects model?

A

Models that explore underlying reasons for the relationship between independent and dependent variables

It explores the role of intervening variables on effects of risk

26
Q

What are 3 types of risk/resilience interventions? Give an example for each

A
  1. Risk focused: reduce risk
    -> more prenatal care if low income
  2. Asset focused: provide higher quality/quantity of assets in children’s lives
    -> increase after-school activities
  3. Process focused: improve important adaptational systems for kids
    -> increase parent-child attachment
27
Q

Why is growing up in an urban environment a risk factor? Name 3 things

A
  • SES zones
  • Pollution
  • Noise
28
Q

How is heritability in externalizing and internalizing personalities?

A

Externalizing: high heritability, early onset problems

Internalizing: low heritability: late onset problems

29
Q

What is allostasis? What is allostatic load?

A

Physiological regulatory systems change to accommodate to environmental demand

Load = physiological consequences of coping with stress –> cumulative burden of chronic stress

30
Q

What is a moderator of the severity of alcohol addiction?

A

Age of onset:
-> if early, not fully matured cognitive control, more difficult to quit later

31
Q

What are 5 types of preventions and interventions for alcohol addiction?

A
  1. Health promotion: posters/ads
  2. Universal prevention: schools
  3. Selective prevention risk-groups: personality-based, coaching risk parents
  4. Indicative prevention beginning issues: motivational interview
  5. Treatment
32
Q

Why does one develop problems and another person in the same situation not? Name 5 aspects

A

1 Stability-instability
2 Gene x Environment
3 Developmental trajectories
4 Continuity normal/abnormal behavior
5 Attention developmental problems, resilience

33
Q

What is the Dunedin study? What were its findings?

A

Longitudinal study on childhood self-control

Self-control predicts physical health, substance dependence, personal finances and criminal offences

34
Q

What are two interventions for self-control?

A
  1. Opt-out strategy: good default options that require no effortful self-control (easy healthy food)
  2. Target-hardening: discouraging possible offenders by making breaking the law something that requires careful planning
35
Q

What is the good behavior game?

A

Teacher sets clear rules and reinforces positive behavior and ignores negative behavior. It’s proven to reduce aggressive behavior

Developmental psychology (19 decks)

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