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biology module 2 > biological molecules > Flashcards

biological molecules Flashcards

1
Q

what does polar mean

A

an uneven charge distribution across it one part of the molecule is slightly positive and the other part is slightly negative

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2
Q

what make water polar

A

oxygen atom is negative
hydrogen atom is positive

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3
Q

describe a hydrogen bond

A

a bond between hydrogen and an electro-negative atom

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4
Q

draw 4 water molecules being held together

A
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5
Q

why is water being a liquid at room temperature positive (3 ways)

A

aquatic habitat

main component of cell cytoplasm, blood plasma and tissue fluid

ideal transport medium

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6
Q

why is water a liquid a t room temperature

A

they continuously make and break hydrogen bonds, making it difficult for molecules to escape as a gas

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7
Q

describe how polar substances get dissolved in water

A

one end is positive so it will attract a negative side of water

one end is negative so it will attract a positive side of water

the ions will get totally surrounded in water molecules (e.g dissolve)

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8
Q

why is ice less dense that liquid water

A

each water molecule forms 4 hydrogen bonds to other water molecules making a spaced out lattice structure

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9
Q

why is ice being less dense than liquid water useful for living organisms (2)

A

forms an insulating layer on top of the water

it is a habitat

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10
Q

What is cohesion

A

It is the force of the attraction between molecules of the same type

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11
Q

How does cohesion relate to water

A

This occurs between water molecules due to their polar nature and hydrogen bonds forming

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12
Q

Why is cohesion a useful factor of water

A

It helps water to flow as one mass which makes it useful for transporting substances

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13
Q

Explain surface tension

A

The water molecules of the surface are hydrogen bonded to the water molecules underneath and are more attracted to those than they are to the air molecules above

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14
Q

Why is surface tension useful to living organisms

A

It creates a habitat

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15
Q

What is high specific heat capacity

A

The energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree

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16
Q

Why is high specific heat capacity useful in living organisms

A

Water does not experience rapid temperature changes making it a good habitat

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17
Q

How does water have a high latent heat of evaporation

A

It takes a lot of energy to break all the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules in order for it to turn from a liquid into a gas

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18
Q

Why is it useful for water to have a high latent heat of evaporation

A

Organisms make use of the evaporation of water as a cooling mechanism

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19
Q

What three elements make up carbohydrates

A

Carbon hydrogen and oxygen

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20
Q

What is the single monomer unit of carbohydrates called

A

Monosaccharide

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21
Q

What is a monosaccharide

A

A simple sugar

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22
Q

Give two examples of hexoses

A

Glucose and fructose

23
Q

Give two examples of pentoses

A

Ribose and deoxyribose

24
Q

What what is it called where many monosaccharides join

A

Polysaccharide

25
Q

Give two examples of energy storage

A

Starch and glycogen

26
Q

What is a disaccharide

A

2 monosaccharides covalently joined

27
Q

Draw an alpha glucose

A
28
Q

Draw a beta glucose

A
29
Q

What reaction forms disaccharides

A

Condensation reaction

30
Q

What is the bond called between disaccharides

A

1-4 glycosidic bond

31
Q

Draw the formation of maltose

A
32
Q

Give three characteristics of disaccharides

A

Can easily and quickly be hydrolysed

lactose (is the sugar found in mammals milk)

sucrose is a main transport sugar in phloem of plants

33
Q

Give an example of a structural strength molecule polysaccharide

A

Cellulose

34
Q

What type of glucose molecule is makes up starch

A

Alpha glucose

35
Q

Where is starch found

A

Plant cells

36
Q

What are the two different arrangements of starch called

A

Amylose and amylopectin

37
Q

What is type of glycosidic bonds amylose has and what is the final structure

A

Long chains of 1-4 alpha glucose
alpha helix held together by hydrogen bonds

38
Q

What is the type of glycosidic bonds of amylopectin and what is the final structure

A

Long chains of 1-4 alpha glucose
short side branches of 1-6 alpha glucose

39
Q

Give Four Ways that starch makes a good energy storage molecule in plants

A

Insoluble and unreactive

no osmosis effect

very compact

easily hydrolysed

40
Q

Where is glycogen found

A

Animal cells

41
Q

What type of glucose makes up glycogen

A

Alpha

42
Q

What type of glycosidic bonds to glycogen have

A

1-6 and 1-4

43
Q

Give four reasons why the structure of glycogen makes it a good energy stored in animal cells

A

Insoluble and unreactive

no osmosis effect

very compact

easily hydrolysed

44
Q

Why would animal cells need an energy stored molecule that is even more branched than that found in plant cells

A

Animals are formal active than plants so need a faster release of energy and needs to be provided with lots of ATP

45
Q

Where is cellulose found

A

Plant cell walls

46
Q

What glucose makes up cellulose

A

Beta

47
Q

How do beta glucose molecules join

A

Every other molecule is flipped 180

48
Q

What bond links cellulose chains

A

Hydrogen bonds

49
Q

What do cellulose chains form

A

Microfibrils

50
Q

What is it called when many microfibrils join together

A

Macrofibrils

51
Q

How do macrofibrils eventually form cell walls of plants

A

They are interwoven and criss crossed over eachother

52
Q

What holds macrofibrils together

A

Pectin

53
Q
A

biology module 2 (10 decks)

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