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pharmacology > Module 1 Introduction To Pharmacology > Flashcards

Module 1 Introduction To Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is pharmacology?

A

The study of biological effects of chemicals

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2
Q

What are drugs?

A

Chemicals that are introduced into the body with the intent to cause a change

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3
Q

What is pharmacotherapeutics and what is its focus?

A
  • The use of drugs to treat, prevent, and diagnose disease
  • focus is on:
    1.) drugs effect on the body
    2.) body’s response to the drug
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4
Q

What is a controlled substance?

A

Any drug with an abuse potential (physical or psychological dependence)

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5
Q

DEA (drug enforcement agency)

A

Monitors the prescription, distribution, storage, and use of controlled substance drugs in an attempt to decrease substance abuse

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6
Q

Schedule l (c-1)
Define and examples

A
  • No currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse
  • marijuana, heroin, mescaline, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), methylenedioxymethamphetamine(MDMA)
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7
Q

Schedule 2 (c-2)
Define and examples

A
  • High potential for abuse
  • possible severe psychological or physical dependence
  • fentanyl, hydromorphone, methadone, morphine, methamphetamine
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8
Q

Schedule 3 (c-3)
- define and examples

A
  • Moderate to low potential for physical and psychological dependence
  • still potential for abuse
  • anabolic steroids, hydrocodone
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9
Q

Schedule 4 (c-4)
- define and examples

A
  • Low potential for abuse and dependence
  • Valium, Xanax, Darvon, phentermine
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10
Q

Schedule 5 (c-5)
- define and examples

A

-lowest potential for abuse
- Limited quantities of certain narcotics
- antidiarrheals, antitussives, analgesics

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11
Q

Drug use during pregnancy

A
  • No drug is “safe”
  • benefit outweighs the risk
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12
Q

Teratogenicity

A
  • Adverse effects on the fetus
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13
Q

Old categories of drug risk classification

A

A, B, C, D, X

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14
Q

New risk classification

A
  • Pregnancy
  • lactation
  • reproductive potential
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15
Q

Brand name drug characteristics (5)

A
  • Name given by drug company once the drug is approved by the FDA
  • companies research, test, and manufacture drugs
  • more expensive
  • drug formula is patented
  • Insurance companies may not cover brand medications
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16
Q

Generic name drug characteristics(6)

A
  • Original name given to the drug when it was submitted to the FDA for approval
  • companies only manufacture drugs
  • significantly less expensive
  • same active ingredients
    -Most states require generic drugs
  • generic drugs are safe
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17
Q

What are prescription drugs?

A
  • Requires an order/prescription by a licensed provider
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18
Q

What are OTC drugs?

A
  • Over-the-counter drugs
  • available without a prescription for self-treatment
  • are safe when taken as directed
  • behind the pharmacy counter
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19
Q

OTC drug concerns(4)

A
  • mask signs and symptoms of underlying disease
  • can interact with Rx drugs and interfere with drug therapy
  • serious overdoses can occur if not taken as directed
  • patients often do not consider these drugs, so they do not report taking them
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20
Q

What are pharmacodynamics?

A
  • How the drug affects the body
    -The d in dynamics stands for drug (memory technique)
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21
Q

What are pharmacokinetics?

A
  • How the body acts on the drug
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22
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms of action (MOA)

A
  • Receptor action
  • physical action
  • act on other chemicals in the body
  • enzyme/metabolic action
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23
Q

Define receptor action

A

-act on receptor sites located on the cell membrane
- agonist or antagonist
- agonist: birds to receptor site to increase or stimulate normal response
-Antagonist: binds to the receptor site to depress, block, or slow normal response

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24
Q

Define physical action

A
  • Changes the physical properties of cells or body fluids
  • damage the cell wall or alter pH
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25
Q

Define “act on other chemicals in the body”

A
  • Creating chemical reactions
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26
Q

Define enzyme/metabolic action?

A
  • Processes in the body requiring multiple steps to have an effect
  • drugs can interfere with one of the steps by stoping, delaying, or speeding it up
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27
Q

Define “timing of drug action”

A

-onset, peak, duration

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28
Q

Define “critical concentration”

A
  • Amount of drug needed to cause a therapeutic effect
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29
Q

Define “loading dose”

A
  • Higher dose then that normally used for treatment
  • recommended dosing schedule is followed once critical concentration is reached
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30
Q

Define “dynamic equilibrium”

A
  • The actual drug level in a person’s body
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31
Q

Define “therapeutic index”

A
  • Ratio comparing the blood concentration at which a drug becomestoxic with the concentrationat which the drug is effective
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32
Q

List the steps in which the body processes drugs

A

1.)absorption
2.)distribution
3.)metabolism (biotransformation)
4.)excretion

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33
Q

When does the process of absorption start and end?

A
  • Starts when the drug enters the body
  • ends when the drug reaches the circulating fluids and tissues
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34
Q

Types
of absorption

A

1.)passive diffusion
2.)active transport
3.)filtration

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35
Q

What are the main factors that influence absorption?

A
  • Route
  • solubility
    -Tissue perfusion
  • ionization
  • size
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36
Q

What is the fastest route for absorption?

A
  • IM/IV
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37
Q

What allows the best solubility?

A
  • Water and lipid soluble best
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38
Q

Tissue perfusion necessary for absorption

A
  • tissue performance needs to be adequate (when supply meets demand)
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39
Q

Ionization needed for absorption

A
  • No charge is the best ionization for absorption
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40
Q

What is the best size of molecules to absorb?

A
  • The smaller the faster they will be absorbed
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41
Q

Movement of drug distribution

A
  • The movement of drug through systemic circulation to the body’s tissues
  • depends on the same factors as absorption
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42
Q

What are the components of distribution?

A
  • Solubility (water and fat)
  • ionization (no charge)
  • tissue perfusion (adequate)
    -protein-binding
  • blood-brain barrier(BBB)
  • placenta and breast milk
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43
Q

Protein-binding with distribution

A
  • Difficult for drug to cross the cell membrane
  • Only “free” particles cause a therapeutic effect
    -Tightly bound versus loosely bound
    -Competition for protein-binding sites
  • Most drugs are bound to proteins in order to travel through the bloodstream
    -The more tightly a drug is bound to the protein,the longer it takes for the drug particles to get free to enter the cell membrane
  • If it can’t get free from the protein binding sitethen it can’t work on the tissues.
    -“Loose bound” means that they act faster and are excreted faster
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44
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?

A
  • A protective mechanism to keep bad things out of the central nervous system and particularly the brain
  • Drugs must be lipid soluble in order to enter BBB
  • If infection gets bad enough, protein bound drugs will be let through
45
Q

What is drug metabolism?

A

-The process by which drugs are changed to less active chemicals
-Another way fur the body to get rid of foreign or toxic substances

46
Q

What is the organ responsible for drug metabolism?

A
  • The liver
47
Q

What is another name for drug metabolism?

A
  • Biotransformation
48
Q

What is the first-pass effect?

A
  • Drugs that are administered orally are absorbed through the small intestine and then go into the portal vein then to the liver where liver enzymes break the drug into metabolites.
  • The majority of metabolites are deactivated and then excreted
  • What is left after the first pass effect is transported throughout the body via the circulatory system to the target tissues
49
Q

What is parenteral administration?

A
  • Drugs given with an IV or injection reach the tissues without going to the liver. (Reason for lower dosages)
  • No first pass effect
  • Still metabolized in the liver
50
Q

What is the hepatic enzyme system?

A
  • There are enzymes inside the liver cell that are responsible for metabolism of the drug
  • Cytochrome p450 is the enzyme that is frequent
    -Different drugs are metabolized by different enzymes
51
Q

What is enzyme induction?

A
  • When a drug is metabolized by a particular enzyme system, the presence of that drug in the system causes an increase in that enzyme system activity
  • An increase of enzyme activity results in an increase in the metabolism of the drug so its inactivated and excreted more quickly.
52
Q

What occurs if the drug inhibits the enzyme?

A

-The drug will not be broken down which is what’s needed for excretion. This can cause a drug to buildup in someone’s system and reach a toxic level
- if two drugs are metabolized by the same enzyme system then they should not be taken together because the will be metabolized too quickly and be less effective

53
Q

Define drug excretion and the organ responsible?

A

-The removal of the drug from the body
-Kidneys

54
Q

List some of the routes of excretion other then the kidneys

A
  • Skin
    -saliva
    -lunges
    -Bile
  • feces
55
Q

What is glomerular filtration?

A
  • Excretes water soluble drugs
  • Water and water soluble components pass from the blood into the renal tubule
56
Q

What is active transport?

A
  • Excretes not water soluble drugs
  • exchanges the drug molecules for either acid or bicarbonate molecules
  • always consider a patient’s renal functions
57
Q

Define half-life

A
  • The time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to decrease to one-half (50%) of the previous dose
58
Q

List factors influencing drug effects (10)

A
  • Weight (average dose is based off of 150 pounds)
  • Age (younger means faster metabolism; older means slower metabolism)
  • Gender (males have more vascular muscle, IM medications will be seen sooner)
    (Females have more fat cells, drugs that deposit fat may have prolonged effects)
  • Physiological factors (hydration and electrolyte imbalance)
  • Pathological factors (the disease the drug is intended to treat)
  • Genetics
  • Immunological factors (allergies to drugs because of antibodies that develop to drug proteins)
  • Environmental factors (atmosphere and mood)
  • Tolerance
  • Accumulation
59
Q

List the four drug interactions

A

-Interaction when two or more substances are taken together
-Drug- Drug or Drug-Alternative Therapy Interactions
- Drug-Food Interactions
- Drug-Laboratory Test Interactions

60
Q

When can the interaction of two or more substances taken together occur?

A

-At the site of absorption, distribution, biotransformation, excretion, or the specific site of action
- Example: Patient takes tetracycline (antibiotic)
with dairy products, the drug is not absorbed resulting in a decreased therapeutic effect
- Can also see a increase or decrease in therapeutic effect

61
Q

Define drugs with narrow margins of safety

A
  • The difference between the dose required to produce the therapeutic effect and the dose that would cause harm
62
Q

What does drug-drug or drug-alternative therapy interactions include?

A
  • Prescription drugs
  • over-the-counter drugs
  • herbal treatments
  • supplements
  • vitamins
63
Q

When does drug-food interactions occur?

A
  • When they are in direct contact in the stomach
  • many drugs cannot be taken with grapefruit juice at all!!
  • oral medications are typically best to take on an empty stomach
64
Q

What are drug-laboratory test interactions?

A
  • when the administration of certain drugs may alter test results
65
Q

How can you ensure getting the optimal therapeutic effect?

A
  • Be knowledgeable about the medications being administered
  • make sure you have a full medication history on patients
  • specifically ask patients about herbal supplements, vitamins, and OTC medications
  • avoid problems before you have to treat problems
  • physical exam
66
Q

Define adverse effects?

A
  • Undesired effects that maybe unpleasant or dangerous
  • other effects besides the intended therapeutic effect
    -Mild, moderate, severe
  • not taking the correct dose
  • Patient sensitivity
67
Q

What are the nursing responsibilities for adverse effects?

A
  • Stay alert and monitor for drug reactions
  • teach patient and families about what signs and symptoms of drugs taken may be
  • interventions to prevent and manage adverse effects
68
Q

Identify the 3 types of adverse effects

A
  • Primary actions
  • secondary actions
  • drug allergy
69
Q

What causes primary actions?

A

-too much of the desired effect (overdose)
- sensitivity, weight, age, underlying conditions, taking incorrect dose

70
Q

How do you treat primary action adverse effects?

A

-decrease the dose
- monitor the patient closely for effects

71
Q

Define secondary actions and example

A
  • Effects on the body that are not the intended, therapeutic effect
  • example: narcotics are used to manage pain. Many patients experience constipation due to the GI motility. Constipation is not the intended effect.
72
Q

How can you decrease secondary action adverse effects?

A
  • Possibly decrease the dose
  • give interventions to manage effects (increase liquid intake, increase fiber for constipation)
73
Q

What are drug allergy and hypersensitivity reactions?

A
  • When antibodies are formed to a particular drug
  • cross allergies may occur to drugs within the same class
  • experiencing and not liking side effects is not the same as drug allergy’s
74
Q

What is the anaphylactic drug reaction?

A
  • It involves the release of histamine
  • mucous membrane swelling occurs and bronchi constriction
  • It occurs in the body immediately
75
Q

What is the assessment of anaphylactic drug reaction and what occurs?

A

-hives, rash
- troubles breathing
- changes in blood pressure
- dilated pupils
- diaphoresis (sweating)
- increased heart rate
- panic/impending down
- respiratory arrest

76
Q

What are interventions for anaphylactic drug reactions?

A

-Stop drug
- epinephrine subcutaneously
- notify provider
- medic-alert bracelet
- epinephrine kit (epi-pen)

77
Q

What are dermatologic reactions?

A
  • Reactions that effect the skin
78
Q

What dues the assessment for dermatologic reactions include?

A

-Assess the skin for rashes and lesions
- systematic effects: enlarged lymph nodes, fever, hepatomegaly (enlarged liver)
- stevens-johnson syndrome: rare but serious

79
Q

What are interventions for dermatologic reactions?

A
  • Severe cases: discontinue medication, give medications to treat
  • mild cases: skin care; teaching; medications
80
Q

What is stomatitis?

A
  • Inflammation of the mucus membranes
81
Q

What is the assessment for stomatitis?

A
  • Look for gingivitis, glottis, difficulty swallowing, bad breath, pain in mouth/throat
82
Q

What are interventions for stomatitis?

A

-frequent month care
- frequent, small meals with non-irritating funds
- dental consultation
- medications: antifungals, local anesthetic

83
Q

What is a hepatic injury?

A
  • An injury on the liver
  • The liver metabolizes drugs
84
Q

What is the assessment for hepatic injury?

A
  • Effects to the central nervous system such as a fever or malaise
  • abdominal pain or change in urine and stool
  • jaundice
  • changes in labs such as elevated liver enzymes, abnormal bilirubin levels, changes in clothing factors
85
Q

What are interventions for hepatic injury?

A
  • Discontinue the drug
  • small frequent meals
  • skin care, cool environment
86
Q

What are renal injuries?

A
  • An injury of the kidney
  • kidneys excrete drugs
  • impairment will cause a accumulation of the drug in the body
87
Q

What is the assessment for renal injury?

A

-effects to the central nervous system such as fatigue, malaise, irritability.
- Rash
- edema (excess fluid)
- decreased UOP (urine output)
- changes in labs such as elevated BUN (creatinine), decreased HCT (hematocrit), or electrolyte imbalance

88
Q

What are interventions for renal injury?

A
  • Positioning (helps edema), diet/fluid restrictions, skin care, electrolyte replacement, rest
  • May need dialysis
  • discontinue medication
89
Q

What is drug poisoning?

A
  • A toxic effect of a drug
  • damage to multiple body systems due to an overdose of a drug
  • May result in death
90
Q

How can drug effects harm both the CNS and PNS?

A
  • Both are dependent on glucose, oxygen, and electrolyte balance which can be effected by drugs breaching the blood-brain barrier and harming the brain
91
Q

What is the assessment of drug toxic effects on the Central nervous system?

A
  • Confusion, delirium, hallucinations
  • insomnia, drowsiness, bizarre dreams
  • hyper or hypo reflexia (over or under active reflexes)
  • numbness, tingling, paresthesia (abnormal sensation of skin)
  • seizures
92
Q

Interventions for toxic drug effects on central nervous system

A
  • Safety measures to prevent injury or seizures
  • Patient education on safety measures
  • orientation as needed
  • decrease dose or discontinue drug
93
Q

What is teratogenicity?

A
  • Drugs causing death or congenital defects on the fetus
  • some drug effects are known and some aren’t
  • benefit versus risk
94
Q

What are the steps for nursing considerations/nursing process?

A

1.)assessment
2.) nursing conclusion
3.) planning (and prioritizing)
4.) implementation (of interventions)
5.) evaluation

95
Q

Nursing process is also known as…?

A

Nursing considerations

96
Q

Nursing conclusion is also known as…?

A

Nursing diagnosis

97
Q

What history is gathered during the nursing assessment? (10)

A
  • Medical conditions
  • current drug use
  • allergies
  • finances
  • literacy/education level
  • culture
  • understanding of disease and drug
  • reactions
  • social support
    -Health-seeking behaviors
98
Q

What is gathered during the physical assessment/exam of the assessment?

A
  • Age
  • weight
  • side effects of medications
  • Therapeutic effects
99
Q

What is gathered for diagnostic tests during the assessment?

A
  • Labs
  • X-rays
  • ultrasound
100
Q

What are the three portions of the assessment?

A
  • History
  • physical examination/exam
  • diagnostic tests
101
Q

What two things must be identified during the assessment before administering medications?

A
  • Contraindications
  • Cautions
102
Q

What are the two forms of contraindications?

A
  • Absolute: life threatening, never administer
  • Relative: benefit versus risk, contact provider
103
Q

Define caution

A
  • May administer with additional nursing considerations
104
Q

What are the three aspects of the nursing conclusion?

A
  • Nursing focused
  • based on drug therapy
  • personalize to the patient
105
Q

What is included in nursing planning?

A
  • Goals/outcomes: Response to medication, prevention/treatment of adverse effects, patient education
  • Prioritize: having a therapeutic effect to the medications
106
Q

What is included in nursing implementation?

A
  • Drug administration: safety/prevention of errors
  • Comfort measures: comfort measures, lifestyle modifications, placebo effect
  • Patient and family education
107
Q

What is included in the nursing evaluation?

A
  • Patient response to the drug: therapeutic effects, adverse effects
  • Effectiveness of medication education
  • Effectiveness of comfort and safety measures
  • Compliance with regimen
108
Q

What are the 5 nursing responsibilities?

A

1.) administer drugs
2.) assess drug effects
3.) intervene when adverse effects occur
4.) provide patient teaching
5.) monitor to prevent medication errors

109
Q

What are the ten “rights” of the nurses rule?

A

1.) right patient
2.) right drug
3.) right reason
4.) right storage
5.) right route
6.) right dose
7.) right preparation
8.) right time
9.) patient education
10.) right documentation

pharmacology (4 decks)

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