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criminology > Criminology Exam 1 > Flashcards

Criminology Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Criminology?

A

The science that studies crime and criminal behavior

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2
Q

Where did Criminology begin?

A

In Europe in the late 1700s

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3
Q

Where did most of the major developments in Criminology occur?

A

The United States

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4
Q

What was Criminology closely linked to?

A

Sociology

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5
Q

Define Deviance.

A

Broad range of actions that most view as abnormal in some way

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6
Q

Define cultural values.

A

Practices and beliefs that are believed to benefit the group and are prized in some way.

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7
Q

Define cultural universals.

A

Customs that exist in all known cultures in some way.

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8
Q

What are Sumner’s 3 Types of Norms?

A

Folkways, Mores, and Laws.

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9
Q

Define Mores.

A

More serious rule; involves moral judgements and some sanctions.

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9
Q

Define laws.

A

Most serious; formal modes of control, codified rules and sanctions.

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9
Q

Define Mala Prohibita.

A

make life more predictable and orderly with less stigma and punsihment.

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9
Q

What is a Gemeinschaft?

A

A simple society that is communal and homogeneous, and are controlled by informal codes.

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9
Q

Does Gemeinschaft need a codified law?

A

No

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10
Q

Define Folkway

A

A least serious rule; things that are preferred but no serious sanctions.

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10
Q

Define Mala in Se

A

Wide scale consensus

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11
Q

What is a Gesellschaft?

A

A complex society that is individualistic and heterogeneous, and are controlled by formal laws.

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12
Q

What are manifest functions?

A

Intended, planned, anticipated consequences

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13
Q

What are latent functions?

A

Unintended, unanticipated consequences.

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14
Q

What is the consensus model?

A

Law arises from agreement among society members as to wrongdoing.

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15
Q

What is the conflict model?

A

Law arises from the conflict of interests of different groups.

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16
Q

What is the interactionist model?

A

Law arises from moral entrepreneurship on the part of labelers.

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17
Q

What is the purist legal view?

A

A violation of criminal law

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18
Q

What are the four characteristics of criminal law?

A
  1. It is assumed by political authority
  2. It must be specific
  3. The law is uniformly applied
  4. The law contains penal sanctions enforced by the state
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19
Q

When did international crime first start increasing?

A

Since World War II

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20
Q

What are the two critical features of discipline for researh?

A

Theories and Methodology

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21
Q

When did the professional codes of ethics for academic researchers in criminological research?

A

1998

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22
Q

Define reciprocity

A

System of mutual trust and obligation between researcher and subject

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23
Q

What is a variable? (in research)

A

Concept that has been operationalized or measured in a specific manner and that can vary or take on different values

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24
Q

What is operationalization?

A

The process of defining concepts by describing how they are being measured

25
Q

Give an example of operationalization.

A

Income

26
Q

What does UCR stand for?

A

Uniform Crime Report

27
Q

When was the UCR created?

A

1930

28
Q

What does NIBRS stand for?

A

National Incident-Based Reporting System

29
Q

What was the problem with the UCR?

A

Not all crimes were reported and was voluntary.

30
Q

When did the NIBRS take the place of the UCR?

A

2021

31
Q

How are surveys used in criminology?

A

They analyze victimization, self-reported crime, public ratings/measurements.

32
Q

What is the “Dark Figure of Crime”?

A

Undiscovered or unreported crime missed by official statistics.

33
Q

What does NCVS stand for?

A

National Crime Victimization Survey

34
Q

When did the NCVS begin?

A

1972

35
Q

Why are Self crime reports important?

A

Attempt to provide an alternative to official statistics

36
Q

Why are most criminals observed from prison?

A

Criminals are dangerous to study outside of prison and researchers are not guaranteed confidentiality

37
Q

What is network analysis?

A

Examines the structure of relationships that connect people to each other.

38
Q

Define validity.

A

Credibility of the research.

39
Q

Define Reliability.

A

Consistency/stability of measurement.

40
Q

Define Triangulation.

A

Use of multiple methods in measuring the same thing.

41
Q

Who is the most arrested age group?

A

Young people - between the ages 16 and 18.

42
Q

What crime are most 16 year olds arrested for?

A

Property.

43
Q

What crime are most 18 year olds arrested for?

A

Violent.

44
Q

What is the best predictor of criminality?

A

Gender

45
Q

What gender is more likely to commit a crime?

A

Men

46
Q

True or False: Culture’s conception of gender is more important than gender itself.

A

True.

47
Q

Which social class has the highest arrest rate?

A

Lower class.

48
Q

True or False: Official statistics undercount crimes of higher-class groups.

A

True.

49
Q

Is there a race issue when dealing with crime?

A

Yes.

50
Q

What is crime profiling?

A

Attempts to construct typical characteristics of types of criminals.

51
Q

Which is less crucial in explaining crime: Race or Class?

A

Race.

52
Q

What are the four differences between immigrant and black experiences?

A
  1. The Maturing Economy
  2. The Disability of Race
  3. Entry into the Political System
  4. Cultural Factors
53
Q

Why is first-generation crime usually lower than second or third generations?

A

First generation immigrants are scared to get deported so they keep a clean crime record.

54
Q

Where is crime higher: South or West?

A

South.

55
Q

What is the correct order, from most to least crime, out of the following:
Suburban, Rural, Urban

A

Urban > Suburban > Rural

56
Q

What are institutions?

A

Stable social patterns that serve a broad range of crucial functions in society.

57
Q

What is an example of an institution?

A

Family.

58
Q

How is family important?

A

Most important socialization agent, lowers delinquency.

59
Q

What are the major characteristics of delinquents’ families? (5)

A

Physical illness, intellectual disability, mental disturbance, alcoholism, parental criminality.

60
Q

What is Fallacy of Autonomy?

A

Belief that what goes on in the family is separate from outside social forces.

61
Q

Does crime increase or decrease as education increases?

A

Decreases.

62
Q

Does strong school bonding increase or decrease delinquency?

A

Decereases.

63
Q

What is the Catharsis hypothesis?

A

Exposure to media violence enables vicarious letting off steam; has calming effects.

64
Q

What is the Precipitation hypothesis?

A

Exposure to media coverage of violence will produce greater propensities to aggression and violence.

65
Q

Who was Keith jerperson?

A

The Happy Face Killer

66
Q

How many people did he kill?

A

8.

67
Q

Where did most of his crimes occur?

A

On the road, as he was a truck driver.

criminology (4 decks)

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