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Molecular Biology Lecture > 2: Nucleic Acid and Gene Expression (PRELIMS) > Flashcards

2: Nucleic Acid and Gene Expression (PRELIMS) Flashcards

Lecturer: Ma'am Gianina Dacuya

1
Q

What are the two types of Nucleic acids

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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2
Q

Type of Nucleic Acid:

It’s a lengthy polymer. Has 4 Bases: Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine w/ Deoxyribose and Phosphate backbone

A

DNA

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3
Q

Type of Nucleic Acid:

Found in Cell’s nucleus as well as mitochondria

A

DNA

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4
Q

Type of Nucleic Acid:

Has 2-deoxyribose

A

DNA

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5
Q

Type of Nucleic Acid:

Transfer of genetic information is made possible by this

It takes the shape of a long-term storage medium

A

DNA

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6
Q

Type of Nucleic Acid:

Nucleotide-rich double-stranded molecule with a long chain of nucleotides

A

DNA

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7
Q

Type of Nucleic Acid:

Replicates on its own

A

DNA

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8
Q

Type of Nucleic Acid:

Base pairing are: GC, AT

A

DNA

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9
Q

Type of Nucleic Acid:

Ribose and phosphate-based polymer having 4 different bases: Uracil, Guanine, Adenine, Cytosine

A

RNA

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10
Q

Type of Nucleic Acid:

The cytoplasm, nucleus, and ribosome all consist of this

A

RNA

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11
Q

Type of Nucleic Acid:

has a Ribose

A

RNA

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12
Q

Type of Nucleic Acid:

The transmission of genetic code required for protein production from the nucleus to the ribosome is accomplished by this

A

RNA

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13
Q

Type of Nucleic Acid:

Single-stranded molecule with shorter nucleotide chain than DNA

A

RNA

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14
Q

Type of Nucleic Acid:

Does not have the ability to reproduce on its own, When it’s needed, it’s made from DNA

A

RNA

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15
Q

Type of Nucleic Acid:

The base pairing are: G,C A,U

A

RNA

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16
Q

Type of Nucleic Acid:

Conveys the code

A

DNA

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17
Q

End goal/product of gene expression is?

A

Protein

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18
Q

Type of Nucleic Acid:

Responsible for transmission of genetic code from DNA in order to materialize into protein

A

RNA

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19
Q

An unbranched polymer in which the monomer units are nucleotides

A

Nucleic acid

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20
Q

What are the monomer units of nucleic acid?

A

Nucleotide

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21
Q

Consist of pentose sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen-containing heterocyclic base

A

Nucleotide

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22
Q

Enumerate the 3 component of a nucleotide

A

Pentose sugar
Phosphate group
Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic base

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23
Q

What are the 2 types of pentose sugar in nucleotides?

A

Pentose Ribose
Pentose 2’-Deoxyribose

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24
Q

This type of pentose sugar has no oxygen in their 2nd Carbon atom and only has H atom

A

pentose 2’-deoxyribose (deozy meaning it lacks oxygen)

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25
Q

What are the 2 types of nitrogen bases?

A

Pyrimidine
Purine

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26
Q

Why are the nitrogen bases considered bases? (clue: presence of a certain functional group)

A

Presence of an amine functional group

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27
Q

Type of nitrogen base:

Monocyclic base with a six-membered ring

A

Pyrimidine

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28
Q

Type of nitrogen base:

Bicyclic base with fused five- and six-membered rings

A

Purine

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29
Q

What are purine bases What is the appropriate suffix for them?

A

Adenine, Guanine

suffix: -osine

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30
Q

What are pyrimidine bases and what is the appropriate suffix for them?

A

Thymine, Cytosine, Uracil

Suffix: -idine

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31
Q

This nucleotide component is derived from phosphoric acid (H3PO4)

A

Phosphate

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32
Q

Phosphoric acid loses 2 hydrogen atoms due to what?

A

Cellular pH changes

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33
Q

The hydrogen phosphate ion bond with what?

A

Nucleoside

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34
Q

Pentose sugar + Base = ?

A

Nucleoside

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35
Q

A nucleoside turns into a nucleotide only when?

A

A phosphate group is added

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36
Q

T or F

The phosphate group always attaches to the Nitrogenous base

A

F (Phosphate group attaches to PENTOSE SUGAR)

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37
Q

What is the chemical compound name of a nucleotide that has a:

Base - Adenine
Sugar - Ribose

Also give its abbreviation

A

Adenosine 5’-monophosphate (AMP)

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38
Q

What is the chemical compound name of a nucleotide that has a:

Base - Guanine
Sugar - Ribose

Also give its abbreviation

A

Guanosine 5’-monophosphate (GMP)

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39
Q

What is the chemical compound name of a nucleotide that has a:

Base - Cytosine
Sugar - Ribose

Also give its abbreviation

A

Cytidine 5’-monophosphate

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40
Q

What is the chemical compound name of a nucleotide that has a:

Base - Uracil
Sugar - Ribose

Also give its abbreviation

A

Uridine 5’-monophosphate (UMP)

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41
Q

What is the chemical compound name of a nucleotide that has a:

Base - Adenine
Sugar - Deoxyribose

Also give its abbreviation

A

Deoxyadenosine 5’-monophosphate (dAMP)

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42
Q

What is the chemical compound name of a nucleotide that has a:

Base - Guanine
Sugar - Deoxyribose

Also give its abbreviation

A

Deoxyguanosine 5’-monophosphate (dGMP)

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43
Q

What is the chemical compound name of a nucleotide that has a:

Base - Cytosine
Sugar - Deoxyribose

Also give its abbreviation

A

Deoxycytidine 5’-monophosphate (dCMP)

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44
Q

What is the chemical compound name of a nucleotide that has a:

Base - Thymine
Sugar - Deoxyribose

Also give its abbreviation

A

Deoxythimidine 5-monophosphate (dTMP)

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45
Q

What is the chemical compound name of a nucleoside that has a:

Base - Adenine
Sugar - Deoxyribose

A

Deoxyadenosine

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46
Q

What is the chemical compound name of a nucleoside that has a:

Base - Guanine
Sugar - Deoxyribose

A

Deoxyguanosine

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47
Q

What is the chemical compound name of a nucleoside that has a:

Base - Cytosine
Sugar - Deoxyribose

A

Deoxycytidine

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48
Q

What is the chemical compound name of a nucleoside that has a:

Base - Thymine
Sugar - Deoxyribose

A

Deoxythymidine

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49
Q

What is the chemical compound name of a nucleoside that has a:

Base - Adenine
Sugar - Ribose

A

Adenosine

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50
Q

What is the chemical compound name of a nucleoside that has a:

Base - Guanine
Sugar - Ribose

A

Guanosine

51
Q

What is the chemical compound name of a nucleoside that has a:

Base - Cytosine
Sugar - Ribose

A

Cytidine

52
Q

What is the chemical compound name of a nucleoside that has a:

Base - Uracil
Sugar - Ribose

A

Uridine

53
Q

T or F

Deoxyuridine 5’-monophosphate is plausible

A

F uracil is only for RNA bebeloves

54
Q

The nucleotide units within a nucleic acid molecule are linked to each other through what bond?

A

Sugar-phosphate bond

55
Q

What is considered the backbone of nucleic acid?

A

Phosphate-Sugar
Phosphate-Sugar

56
Q

What is considered the backbone of DNA?

A

Phosphate-Deoxyribose
Phosphate-Deoxyribose

57
Q

What is considered the backbone of RNA?

A

Phosphate-Ribose
Phosphate-Ribose

58
Q

T or F

The bases are part of the backbone

A

F (because the bases are the determiner, they are not consistent all through out/ part of the backbone)

59
Q

For the sequence: 5 ‘T-G-C-A 3’

What is the 3rd nucleotide for this sequence?

A

Cytosine (explanation: kasi nga a nucleotide’s determiner are bases)

60
Q

What is the determiner for nucleotide?

A

Base

61
Q

For the sequence: 5 ‘T-G-C-A 3’

What is the 4th nucleotide for this sequence?

A

Adenine

62
Q

How many h bonds in Adenine and Thymine?

A

2 H bonds

63
Q

The DNA double helix involved how many polynucleotide strands?

A

2

64
Q

The two polynucleotide are coiled around each other in a manner also called as what?

A

Spiral staircase

65
Q

The bases of each backbone extend in what direction?

A

Inward (inside helix; since these bases are hydrophobic)

66
Q

Each complementary base pairs are connected by what bond

A

H bond

67
Q

Two strands of the double helix are what?

A

Antiparallel (running in opposite directions)

68
Q

First strand runs in what direction?

A

5’-to-3’

69
Q

Second strand runs in what direction?

A

3’-to-5’

70
Q

T or F

The two strands in double helix are identical

A

F NOT IDENTICAL BUT COMPLEMENTARY

71
Q

T or F

RNA exist as a double strand

A

F single-strand lang like me

72
Q

What is the 1st step in DNA replication

A

Unwinding of the double helix by HELICASE (in order for 1 strand to be copied)

73
Q

What is the 2nd step in DNA replication?

A

Single Stranded Binding Protein (SSBP) will help to separate the 2 strand to prevent it from turning to helix

Topoisomerase will help prevent supercoiling

74
Q

In the 2nd step of DNA replication what certain component will prevent 2 strands from reforming to a helix and prevent degradation?

A

Single Stranded Binding Protein (SSBP)

75
Q

In the 2nd step of DNA replication what certain component will prevent strands from supercoiling?

A

Topoisomerase/gyrase

76
Q

What is the 3rd step in DNA replication

A

Primase synthesizes primer

77
Q

What is the 4th step in DNA replication?

A

DNA Polymerase III starts to replicate DNA

78
Q

DNA Polymerase III starts to replicate DNA by what?

A

Binding nucleotides

79
Q

DNA Polymerase III operate in what direction

A

5’-to-3’

80
Q

Lagging strand is in what direction?

A

5’-to-3’

80
Q

Leading strand is in what direction?

A

3’-to-5’

81
Q

short, newly synthesized DNA fragments that are created on the lagging strand during DNA replication due to the direction

A

Okazaki fragments

82
Q

T or F

Lagging strand are in bind with ligase

A

T

83
Q

T or F

In 1 parent DNA, there can be multiple origin of replication

A

T

84
Q

If there are multiple replications in a 1 DNA strand, what may form?

A

Bubbles ! (as replication fork enlarge)

85
Q

When does DNA replication occur?

A

Before Meiosis or Mitosis

86
Q

Why is DNA replication needed before meiosis or mitosis?

A

Because DNA materials should be the same

87
Q

T or F

Some cells should only bear the same DNA materials

A

F (ALL CELLS should bear the same DNA materials)

88
Q

Where does translation happen?

A

Cytoplasm/Ribosomes

89
Q

What is the first product of transcription?

A

Heterogenous nuclear RNA (hnRNA)

90
Q

Gene Expression: Transcription

Heterogenous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) has what?

A

Introns and Extrons

91
Q

Gene Expression: Transcription

a part of hnRNA that interrupts the message

A

Introns (kasi INterruptngahehe)

92
Q

Gene Expression: Transcription

A part of hnRNA that expresses the message

A

Exons

93
Q

Gene Expression: Transcription

What is removed by hRNA through splicing?

A

Introns (because it interrupts the message)

93
Q

Gene Expression: Transcription

When introns are removed, and its purely exons what is the hnRNA now called?

A

mRNA

93
Q

Gene Expression: Translation

After mRNA go out nucleus, it will work together with what RNA to produce protein?

A

rRNA

94
Q

Gene Expression: Translation

What RNA bears the amino acid to prolong sequence of amino acid?

A

tRNA

95
Q

T or F

Once the mRNA encounters a stop codon in tRNA the addition of amino acid will stop and undergo cleaving

A

F (baliktad; ang tRNA ang dapat makaencounter ng stop codon)

96
Q

Transcription happens in what organelle?

A

Nucleus

97
Q

Translation happens in what organelle?

A

Cytoplasm

97
Q

Gene Expression: Transcription

Enzyme that unwind double helix and copy sequence from DNA

A

RNA polymerase

98
Q

Gene Expression: Transcription

What direction does RNA polymerase operate?

A

5’-to-3’

99
Q

Gene Expression: Transcription

Act to 3’-to-5’ direction

A

RNA polymerase

100
Q

Gene Expression: First step of Transcription

Once RNA polymerase acquire sequence from DNA it will release and rewind and be left with what?

A

hnRNA

101
Q

What RNA facilitates splicing?

A

snRNA

102
Q

Gene Expression: POST Transcription

A gene segment that conveys (codes for) genetic information

A

Exon

103
Q

Gene Expression: POST Transcription

A gene segment that does not convey (codes for) genetic information

A

Intron

104
Q

IF U SEE THIS CARD REVIEW MA’AM GIA’S VISUALS SA POST-TRANSCRIPTION

A

ge na pls huhu

105
Q

What is the amino acid that codes for: UUG

yes go look at the codon chart rn

A

Leucine

105
Q

What is the amino acid that codes for:
GAU

yes go look at the codon chart rn

A

Aspartic Acid

106
Q

How do you read the codon chart?

A

First letter: left side horizontally
Second letter: top side vertically
Third letter: right side horizontally

107
Q

What is the amino acid that codes for:
GUU

yes go look at the codon chart rn

A

Valine

108
Q

IF YOU SEE THIS CARD REVIEW THE VISUALS FOR TRANSLATION page 29

A

pls gevfgevg hirap gawan card yung steps mwah

109
Q

Gene Expression: Transcription

The 3 codons at the end of the tRNA is called?

A

anti-codon

110
Q

Gene Expression: Transcription

What RNA carries the amino acid?

A

tRNA

111
Q
  1. DNA TEMPLATE: 3’ GAC-AAC-AGA 5’

a. Informational strand:

b. Codons present in the mRNA:

c. tRNA anticodons that will interact with mRNA codon:

d. The amino acid that the tRNA molecule will carry:

e: The structure of the peptide formed from translation:

A
  1. 3’ GAC-AAC-AGA 5’

a. Informational strand: 5’ CTG-TTG-TCT 3’

b. Codons present in the mRNA: 5’ CUG-UUG-UCU 3

c. tRNA anticodons that will interact with mRNA codon: 3’ GAC-AAC-AGA 5’

d. The amino acid that the tRNA molecule will carry: 3’ Leu-Leu-Cys 5’

e: The structure of the peptide formed from translation: N-Leu-Leu-Cys-C

112
Q
  1. DNA TEMPLATE: 3’ CCC-GCC-AGC 5’

a. Informational strand:

b. Codons present in the mRNA:

c. tRNA anticodons that will interact with mRNA codon:

d. The amino acid that the tRNA molecule will carry:

e: The structure of the peptide formed from translation:

A
  1. 3’ CCC-GCC-AGC 5’

a. Informational strand: 5’ GGG-CGG-TCG 3’

b. Codons present in the mRNA: 5’ GGG-CGG-UCG 3’

c. tRNA anticodons that will interact with mRNA codon: 3’ CCC-GCC-AGC 5’

d. The amino acid that the tRNA molecule will carry: 3’ Gly-Arg-Ser 5’

e: The structure of the peptide formed from translation: N-Gly-Arg-Ser-C

113
Q
  1. MRNA: 3’ UGA-GCC-CUU 5’

a. tRNA anticodons that will interact with the mRNA codon:

b. The amino acid that the tRNA molecule will carry:

c. The structure of the peptide formed from translation:

A
  1. MRNA: 3’ UGA-GCC-CUU 5’

Reverse: 5’ UUC-CCG-AGU 3

a. tRNA anticodons that will interact with the mRNA codon: 3’ AAG-GGC-UCA 5’

b. The amino acid that the tRNA molecule will carry: 5’ Phe-Pro-Ser 3’

c. The structure of the peptide formed from translation: N-Phe-Pro-Ser-C

114
Q

How many H bonds are present in Guanine and Cytosine?

A

3 H bonds

115
Q

Translation

What is the first step of Translation?

A

Activation of TRNA

An amino acid interacts with ATP to become highly energized. It then forms a covalent bond with 3’ end of a tRNA molecule. Amino acid-tRNA pairing is governed by enzymes.

116
Q

Translation

Initation: The mRNA attaches to a ribosome so that the first codon is at the what site?

A

P site

117
Q

Translation

What does the tRNA carry before attaching to the first codon?

A

methionine

118
Q

Translation:

Elongation: The tRNA with the second aa binds at?

A

A site (then the methionine transfers to the A site)

119
Q

Translation

What step is this? The polypeptide chain continous to lengthen until a stop codon appears on the mRNA.

A

Termination

Molecular Biology Lecture (17 decks)

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